差异性一体化:俄乌冲突背景下欧盟新老成员国的利益博弈  

Differentiated Integration:The Game of Interests between Old and New EU Member States in the Context of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

作　　者：宋黎磊[1] 常晨 Song Lilei;Chang Chen

机构地区：[1]同济大学政治与国际关系学院

出　　处：《俄罗斯东欧中亚研究》2024年第5期92-117,164,165,共28页Russian，East European & Central Asian Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“欧亚互联互通‘瓶颈地带’的机制博弈与中国应对研究”(19BGJ041)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：俄罗斯对乌克兰采取的特别军事行动使欧盟凝聚力得到增强。但是随着俄乌冲突的持续,“新欧洲”与“老欧洲”在安全、能源以及贸易领域的认知差异性增强。同“老欧洲”一样,欧盟的中东欧成员国将“支持乌克兰、反对俄罗斯”视为政治正确,但是在实际政策制定过程中,中东欧成员国仍然将自身的国家利益作为对乌和对俄政策的首要考虑。俄乌冲突使中东欧成员国对俄罗斯的恐惧加剧,在欧盟尚未成为安全保护者的情况下,中东欧成员国倾向于在北约框架下进行安全合作,体现了差异性替代一体化。俄乌冲突间接损害了中东欧成员国的能源安全和经贸利益,在能源领域,以匈牙利为代表的中东欧成员国寻求对俄能源制裁豁免权;在贸易领域,中东欧成员国出台单方面对乌克兰的贸易政策。中东欧成员国在能源和经贸领域的政策体现出差异性内部一体化的特点。为提高决策效率,欧盟在安全、能源以及经贸领域所推出的政策往往存在着豁免性差异化,这使欧盟的差异性替代一体化与差异性内部一体化的特征增强。俄乌冲突的持续将会导致新老欧洲在对俄政策和对乌政策上的协调性降低,欧盟差异性一体化趋势走强,将在未来进一步影响欧盟的凝聚力。Russia's special militaryoperations against Ukraine has strengthened EU cohesion.However,as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine continues,the perceived differences between the"New Europe"and the"Old Europe"in the areas of security,energy and trade have increased.Like the"Old Europe",the Central and Eastern European members of the European Union consider it politically correct to be"pro-Ukraine and anti-Russia",but in the actual policymaking process,the Central and Eastern European member states continue to put their own national interests at the forefront of their policies towards Ukraine and Russia.The Russia-Ukraine conflict has heightened the fear of Russia among CEE member states,and in the absence of the EU as a security protector,CEE member states have favored security cooperation under the framework of NATO,reflecting differentiated alternative integration.The Russia-Ukraine conflict has indirectly jeopardized the energy security and economic and trade interests of the member States of Central and Eastern Europe.In the energy sector,the member States of Central and Eastern Europe,represented by Hungary,have sought exemptions from the energy sanctions imposed on Russia;in the area of trade,the member States of Central and Eastern Europe have introduced a unilateral trade policy towards Ukraine.The policies of the CEE member States in the field of energy and trade and economy are characterized by differential internal integration.In order to increase the efficiency of decision-making,the EU's policies in the areas of security,energy,and trade and commerce are often differentiated by exemptions,which strengthens the differentiated alternative integration and differentiated internal integration features of the EU.The continuation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict will lead to a decrease in the coordination between the old and new Europe in terms of policies toward Russia and Ukraine,and a stronger trend toward differentiated integration in the EU,which will further affect the cohesion of the EU in the future.

关 键 词：欧盟 俄乌冲突 中东欧国家 差异性一体化 豁免性差异化 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系] D814.1[政治法律—政治学]