高学历者的社会网络和职位获得:创造优势还是替代选择?  

Creating Advantage or Substitutional Option?The Role of Social Networks in Job Attainment Among Highly Educated Workers

作　　者：李晓光[1] 吴晓刚 LI Xiaoguang;WU Xiaogang

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学社会学系 [2]上海纽约大学应用社会经济研究中心 [3]纽约大学社会学系

出　　处：《当代青年研究》2024年第5期60-75,共16页Contemporary Youth Research

基　　金：2022年度教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(22JJD840013)。

摘　　要：伴随我国高等教育的快速扩张,高学历者将成为未来劳动力市场的主力军。以往基于全体劳动者的研究表明,社会资本有助于个体的求职过程、收入水平提升和地位获得,但对高学历者而言,这一结论是否仍然成立?文章通过分析“首都大学生成长追踪调查”数据,获得如下发现。第一,社会网络的确是高学历者的重要求职途径,24%的毕业生主要通过社会网络获得初职岗位。第二,在社会网络使用倾向方面,以学校层次、专业类型和学业成就为代表的人力资本越强,毕业生越不需要动员社会网络找工作。第三,在社会网络收入效应方面,相比于正式求职渠道,通过找关系获得工作机会的毕业生的初职收入水平显著更低。本文结合深度访谈资料对以上发现进行了阐释,进一步揭示,社会网络并不会给高学历者创造收入优势,而是人力资本较弱的毕业生弥补自身劣势的重要途径,因此社会网络只是高学历者众多求职渠道中的一种替代选择。With the rapid expansion of tertiary education in China,college graduates are poised to become the main workforce in the labour market.Previous research encompassing the entire labour force demonstrated that social capital significantly contributes to job seeking,income enhancement,and status attainment.However,does this finding remain applicable to highly educated individuals?This article employs data from the Beijing College Students Panel Survey(BCSPS)and reveals the following findings.First,social networks are indeed a pivotal job-seeking approach for highly educated individuals,with 24%of college graduates securing their first job predominantly through social networks.Second,concerning the propensity to utilize social networks,the stronger the human capital—represented by college selectivity,field of study,and academic achievement—the less likely graduates are to mobilize social networks to secure employment.Third,concerning the wage effects of social networks on first job,college graduates who obtain employment through social networks demonstrate significantly lower wages compared to those who use formal job-seeking channels.This study,grounded in in-depth interview data,further interprets the aforementioned findings.Social networks do not create wage advantages for highly educated individuals;rather,they function as a critical mechanism for graduates with weaker human capital to alleviate their disadvantages.Therefore,social networks serve only as a substitutional option among the many job-seeking channels for highly educated individuals.

关 键 词：社会资本 找工作 学校层次 收入水平 替代选择 

分 类 号：C915[经济管理]