树木生长应力形成机理  

Generation Mechanisms of Growth Stress in Trees

作　　者：栾玉 江梦虹 杨雨婷 刘焕荣 马欣欣 张秀标 孙丰波 费本华 方长华 Luan Yu;Jiang Menghong;Yang Yuting;Liu Huanrong;Ma Xinxin;Zhang Xiubiao;Sun Fengbo;Fei Benhua;Fang Changhua(International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan,Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Bamboo&Rattan Science and Technology,Beijing 100102)

机构地区：[1]国际竹藤中心,竹藤科学与技术国家林业和草原局重点实验室,北京100102

出　　处：《林业科学》2024年第10期154-163,共10页Scientia Silvae Sinicae

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32071856);国际竹藤中心基本科研业务费专项(1632019002)。

摘　　要：作为一种自然资源,树木具有重要的环境、社会和经济价值。树木生长成熟过程中,细胞间及细胞壁各层相互作用会产生生长应力,生长应力是木材组织正常发育的结果,是树干和树枝维持其垂直生长或特定角度生长的重要动力。此外,树木在抵御自身重力或光照、风雪、地势等环境刺激时,会形成具有更高水平生长应力的应力组织——应力木,从而达到调整或维持生长形态的目的。树木中的生长应力是影响木材成材和加工质量的重要力学问题,且生长应力水平与细胞结构、化学组分密切相关,开展树木生长应力研究、厘清树木生长应力分布和形成机理,对树木的定向培育、生物学结构与功能研究、木材加工与利用以及仿生新材料的开发具有重要意义。已有研究通过树木生长应力水平测试,结合其解剖结构、基因、化学组分、激素分布、力学材性等方面特征,对树木生长应力形成机理进行了深入分析,探索生长应力的产生来源;但由于生物材料结构复杂、变异性大,且研究者对生长应力形成机理的认识也在不断更新,树木生长应力形成机理尚未达成共识。本研究简述树木生长应力的生物力学作用及常用表征方法,综述主流的树木生长应力形成理论,对生长应力形成机理的一般性假说和特殊应力组织(应拉木和应压木)的生长应力形成假说进行重点分类阐述,并对各假说存在的争议性问题进行分析,以期全面认识树木生长应力,并为推动其进一步研究、为树木细胞结构和性质变异研究以及木材精细化利用提供参考,为探寻有效的降低树木生长应力的措施提供基础,为人工林的生物改良和栽培提供理论和实践支持。As an important natural resource,trees have giant environmental,social,and economic values.The growth stress of trees can be generated by the interaction between cells and cell layers during wood growth and maturation.For trees,growth stress is necessary for stems and branches to grow vertically or at a constant angle.And in response to gravity,light,snow,and slope,trees are prone to produce reaction wood with high growth stress to maintain or adjust their posture.Growth stress has a great effect on the structure,chemical components,and processing of wood.Exploring the distribution and generation mechanisms of growth stress is of great significance to directional cultivation,understanding biological structure and function,the processing and utilization of wood-based materials,and the exploration of new biomimetic materials.Many researchers have attempted various experiments and simulations to discover the origin of growth stress.Different hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed in the literature based on the results of the growth stress level,microstructure,genes,chemistry,hormones,and properties.However,due to the complexity and diversity of tree structure,there are still many divergences in the generation mechanisms of growth stress.With the development of plant science and the improvement of research technology,researchers’understanding of the growth stress is evolving.In this paper,the biomechanical effect and the testing methods of growth stress in trees were introduced,and some mainstream theories about the origin of growth stress were summarized.The general hypothetical mechanisms of growth stress generation and some special mechanisms targeted reaction wood were discussed to identify which are inconsistent with current knowledge.In conclusion,reviewing the generation mechanisms is helpful to completely understand the growth stress in trees and it can provide the theoretical basis for further research on the mechanism,the study on the variation of wood structure and properties,and the fine utilization

关 键 词：生长应力 形成机理 应力木 应拉木 应压木 

分 类 号：S781[农业科学—木材科学与技术]