“力”与“德”之辨:近代中国知识界对进化论的认识  

The Debate between“Power”and“Morality”:The Modern Chinese Intellectual Community’s Understanding of Evolution

作　　者：田甜 Tian Tian

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《近代史学刊》2024年第2期139-150,M0007,共13页Journal of Modern Chinese History

摘　　要：甲午战后,进化论传入中国,与救亡图存的时代主题相契合,引发了中国知识界对追求国家富强之路的讨论。在西方文明等级论的影响下,中国知识界所追求的进化目标是文明和富强共进。一方面,西方的“文明”话语让国人认识到“强权即公理”,故大力宣传生存竞争和“鼓民力”等观点;另一方面,强权主义对中国的道德秩序造成了极大的冲击,知识界又从反思进化论和批判强权的视角,对“道德进化”进行探讨。在这一过程中,知识界结合西方的“黄祸论”思潮阐发对进化论的认识,从崇拜“黄种”英雄到破除“尚力”,从宣扬生存竞争到主张互助进化。至民国初年,知识界突破了“强权即公理”的西方文明观念,倡导一种与中国传统资源相结合的、具有人道主义的新文明。After the Sino-Japanese War in 1894,evolutionary theory was introduced to China,which resonated with the theme of saving the nation from imminent collapse,sparking a discussion among Chinese intellectuals on the path to national prosperity and strength.Under the influence of Western civilization’s hierarchical theory,the evolutionary goal pursued by Chinese intellectuals was the joint progress of civilization and prosperity.On one hand,Western civilization discourse made Chinese people realize that power equals right,so they vigorously advocated survival competition and“stimulating people’s strength.”On the other hand,the power-oriented ideology caused a huge impact on China’s moral order,so intellectuals also explored the evolution of morality from the perspective of reflecting on evolutionary theory and criticizing power.In this process,the intellectual circle combined the“Yellow Peril”trend in Western thought to express their understanding of evolutionary theory.From worshiping heroes of the“yellow race”to abandoning“prioritizing force,”from advocating survival competition to advocating mutual evolution.By the early years of the Republic of China,the intellectual circle broke through the Western civilization concept of power equals right and advocated a new civilization that combined Chinese traditional resources with humanism.

关 键 词：进化 强权主义 道德 “黄祸” 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学]