语序与半虚功能词对汉语零动词存在句成句的制约作用  

The Influence of Word Order and Semi-functional Particles on Chinese Zero-verb Existential Sentences

作　　者：朴珍玉[1] PIAO Zhen-yu(Yanbian University,Yanji Jilin 133002)

机构地区：[1]延边大学文学院,吉林延吉133002

出　　处：《汉语学习》2024年第5期36-44,共9页Chinese Language Learning

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“汉语新兴虚词的用法及多元形成机制研究”(项目编号:23BYY009);延边大学创新团队项目“汉语言文化对东亚语言与文明的影响与互鉴研究”(项目编号:2024XTDQN05)的资助。

摘　　要：存在句一直是汉语语法研究的重点问题,一百年来产生了很多重要的研究成果,但对于句法上缺省B段动词的零动词存在句较少专文论述。文章提出,只有A段和C段的“NPL+NP2”既是名词谓语句的次类,也是存在句的次类。A段和C段分别表示处所和存在物,高层语义表存在,其述谓功能体现在半虚功能词必须确保句首名词表处所,句末名词表非特定事物的有无及多少。语序要求严格:一方面要满足表义上从整体到部分、从背景到图像的语序,另一方面要满足信息结构上从话题到说明的自然顺序。零动词存在句焦点结构与一般的有动词句不同,其焦点不是论元焦点,而是宽焦点,因此NP2不具有独立性,不能回指。Existential sentences have consistently been a focal question in Chinese grammar research,yielding numerous significant findings over the past century.Nevertheless,there are relatively few dedicated articles discussing zero-verb existential sentences,which syntactically lack B-segment verbs.This article proposes that only“NPL+NP2”in sections A and C constitutes both a subclass of noun predicate sentences and existential sentences.The zero verbs in sections A and C respectively denote a place and an object,the high-level semantic relationship is the existence.The predicate function is manifested in the requirement for semi-functional words to ensure that nouns at the beginning of the sentence indicate locations,while nouns at the end denote the presence,absence,and quantity of non-specific entities.The word order is strictly enforced:it must align with the semantic progression from the whole to the part,and from the background to the image,while also adhering to the natural sequence from the topic to the comment.The focus structure of zero-verb existential sentences differs from that of sentences with verbs.The focus is not the argument,but rather the broad focus.Consequently,NP2 lacks independence and cannot be referred back to.

关 键 词：述谓关系实现 半虚功能词 信息结构 话题—说明结构 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]