《国语》的叙事及其蕴含的道德史观(上)  

Narrative in Guoyu and Its Implied Perspective on Moral History(Part A)

作　　者：蒋重跃[1] 黄越 JIANG Chongyue;HUANG Yue(School of History,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《渤海大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第5期1-12,共12页Journal of Bohai University:Philosophy & Social Science Edition

摘　　要：《国语》是中华原典之一。关于它的叙事,近年来学术界大多从西方叙事学的角度给予研究。我们认为,叙事研究不能局限于方法和技巧,而应深入历史文化领域。《国语》的叙事可从下面四个方面略作分析。其一,选材。西周春秋史事浩繁,题材广泛,《国语》的母题却偏重箴谏,多数故事或直接或间接地展现了这个母题,表达了高级贵族阶层的利益诉求。其二,修辞。最具代表性的是定性语词的使用:例一,以“谏”字为标识的箴谏故事都蕴含着“谏曰—不听”结构,很有张力,读者会在审美享受的同时得到伦理道德的熏陶;例二,用“虐”字给认定为反派的人物及其故事确定基调,彰显了道德评判的力量。但这样的修辞手段会严重阻碍人们从经济社会根源上揭示历史的本质。其三,引述。引用古圣时贤成为增强说服力的重要手段。西周和春秋前期,特别是周、鲁、郑等周文化传统深厚的邦国,引用《诗》《书》等较多;春秋中后期,特别是楚、吴、越等华夏化邦国,引用典籍较少,而历史论证和现实分析居多,可以看出历史的阶段性和文化的地域性特征。其四,评论。某些故事叙述完毕,作者会用“君子曰”“仲尼曰”“孔丘曰”“某大夫曰”等来臧否人物、评论事件,说明少数“德行高尚”的精英人士的话语在一定范围内有着较大的社会影响力。总之,《国语》的叙事表现了鲜明的道德色彩,抒发的是高级贵族阶层的利益诉求,与后世的所谓贵族共和精神多有相合之处,成为两千多年来中华文化的重要典籍,历来为士人所传诵。Guoyu is one of the original Chinese classics.In recent years,most academic researches on its narrative have been conducted from the perspective of Western narratology.However,we believe that narrative research should not be limited to methods and techniquesꎻit should also delve into the realms of historical and cultural studies.The narrative of Guoyu can be briefly analyzed from the following four aspects.First,the selection of material.The historical events of the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn periods are extensive and diverse,yet the themes of Guoyu focus on admonition.Most of the stories either directly or indirectly exhibit this theme,expressing the interests and demands of the upper noble class.Second,rhetoric.The most representative feature is the use of qualitative words.For example,stories marked by the word"admonish"often follow a structure of"admonishment-being ignored,"which creates a sense of tension and allows readers to enjoy ethical and moral enlightenment while appreciating the narrative.Another example is the use of the word"tyranny"to establish a tone for the antagonists and their stories,emphasizing the power of moral judgment.However,such rhetorical devices may severely hinder the understanding of the essence of history from its economic and social roots.Third,quotations.Citing ancient sages and wise men becomes an important means to enhance persuasiveness.During the Western Zhou and early Spring and Autumn periods,especially in states with deep Zhou cultural traditions like Zhou,Lu,and Zheng,there are more citations from the Book of Songs and Book of Documents.In contrast,during the middle to late Spring and Autumn periods,particularly in states undergoing Sinicization like Chu,Wu,and Yue,there are fewer citations from classical texts and more historical arguments and practical analyses,which highlight the phased development of history and the regional characteristics of culture.Fourth,commentary.After narrating certain stories,the authors use phrases like"A gentleman said,""Confucius

关 键 词：《国语》 历史叙事 道德史观 

分 类 号：K092[历史地理—历史学]