退化草原草场修复和恢复理论与技术研究进展  

Review on theory and technology of restoration and recovery in degraded steppe

作　　者：阳辉 廉诗启[3] 曹建生 侯翔龙[4,5] YANG Hui;LIAN Shiqi;CAO Jiansheng;HOU Xianglong(Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shijiazhuang 050022,China;Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shijiazhuang 050022,China;Fengning Manzu autonomous county Forestry and Grassland Bureau,Fengning 068350,China;Institute of Geographical Sciences,Hebei Academy of Sciences,Shijiazhuang 050011,China;Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Geographic Information Application,Shijiazhuang 050011,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心,石家庄050022 [2]中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室,石家庄050022 [3]丰宁满族自治县林业和草原局,丰宁068350 [4]河北省科学院地理科学研究所,石家庄050011 [5]河北省地理信息开发应用工程技术研究中心,石家庄050011

出　　处：《生态科学》2024年第5期207-215,共9页Ecological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(42001009);河北省科技支撑计划(22324202D,20324201D);河北省科学院高层次人才培养资助计划(2023G01)。

摘　　要：由于对草原生态功能的认识不足,对其生产功能的利用和依赖过大,90%的草原出现了不同程度的退化,草原生态系统破坏严重,治理速度远跟不上退化速度。综述了国内外有关于退化草原草场修复机制和技术方面的研究进展,梳理和总结过去退化草原生态修复工作中的经验和问题。结果表明:在机制研究方面,基于功能性状的群落生态学理论、生态系统下行效应原理、阈值模型及集成过滤模型成为退化草地恢复的最新理论依据,同时,草原生态系统退化不仅包括植被群落盖度发生变化,还包括优势植物物种发生变化,牧草品质和产量下降,物种多样性的流失;在技术研究方面,草地恢复从单项技术改良转向系统综合治理,形成以生物多样性维持、群落结构优化配置、土壤及种子库修复为主体思路的恢复治理技术。目前,比较成熟的草原修复技术包括围栏封育、飞播种草、浅耕翻、免耕补播、划区轮牧和限时放牧等。同时,政府为遏制草地退化制定了一系列的政策,设立了众多生态建设项目,如草原家庭承包制、退耕还林还草、退牧还草、京津风沙源治理工程等。因地制宜、精准施策,集成创新草原生态修复技术体系和生产可持续发展的双赢模式,是未来我国草地退化与恢复的研究方向。Due to insufficient understanding of the ecological function of grassland and excessive utilization and dependence on its production function,90%of grassland in China has been degraded to varying degrees.The grassland ecosystem has been seriously damaged,and the speed of governance has been far behind the degradation rate.In this paper,it is reviewed that the degradation of grassland restoration mechanism and the research progress of restoration technology,and summarized the past experiences and problems of degraded grassland ecological restoration work.The results show that,in mechanism research,it based on the theory of community ecology,ecological system function traits downward effect principle,threshold model and integrated filtering model as the latest theory of degraded grassland restoration.The grassland ecosystem degradation not only included vegetation coverage change,but also the change of dominant plant species,the decline of forage quality and production and the loss of species diversity.In terms of technical research,grassland restoration was shifted from single technological improvement to systematic comprehensive management,forming a restoration and management technology with biodiversity maintenance,optimal allocation of community structure,soil and seed storage restoration as the main ideas.At present,the mature grassland restoration techniques in China include fenced enclosure,aerial seeding,shallow tillage,no-tillage supplementary sowing,rotation grazing and time-limited grazing,etc.At the same time,the government has formulated a series of policies to curb grassland degradation and set up many ecological construction projects,such as the grassland household contract system,returning farmland to forest and grassland,returning grazing land to grassland,and the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control project.It is the research direction of grassland degradation and restoration in China in the future to integrate and innovate grassland ecological restoration technology system and win-win mode of

关 键 词：退化草原 生态修复 围栏封育 以草定畜 草畜平衡 

分 类 号：X513[环境科学与工程—环境工程]