个人数据交易的私法制度构造研究  

On the Construction of a Private Law System for Personal Data Trading

作　　者：夏庆锋[1] Xia Qingfeng

机构地区：[1]安徽大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第5期144-164,共21页China Legal Science

基　　金：2023年度安徽省高等学校科学研究重大项目“网络空间合同格式条款的效力研究”(项目批准号:2023AH040005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：个人数据交易是新兴技术服务于个人的必要活动之一,只有进行个人数据的收集与分析,网络服务商等数据处理者才能提供更加符合个人需求的产品与服务。然而实践中由于当事人缔约地位存在差距等原因,个人数据失控与公正价值丧失等问题时有发生,而现行私法无法有效规制。前述问题的解决需以构造个人数据交易的私法制度为基础,具体包括主客体明确、权利配置与规则设置等。个人数据交易的主体应区分初级交易和次级交易确认,初级交易的主体包括个人与数据处理者,次级交易则发生于不同数据处理者之间;就客体而言,应明确的是,个人信息包含于个人数据,两者并非等同关系;在权利配置中,应确认个人享有数据交易全过程知情权、有限的不受自动化决策支配权等基于个人信息保护法的各项权利,数据处理者享有三权分置的数据产权以及与个人共同享有收益分配权;而在规则设置上,应协调与完善相关法律规则,包括合同法规则平衡交易主体的当事人地位、个人信息保护法规则保护个人知情同意权利与物权法规则保护处理者数据产品权益等。Personal data trading is one of the necessary activities in which emerging technologies serve individuals.Only by collecting and analyzing personal data can network service providers and other data processors provide products and services that are more in line with individual needs.However,in practice,problems such as the loss of control over personal data and the loss of fair value due to disparities in the contracting positions of the parties have occurred from time to time,and the current civil law is unable to effectively regulate them.The solution to these problems requires the construction of a private law system for personal data trading,including the clarification of the principal and agent,the allocation of rights,and the setting of rules.The subjects of personal data trading should be distinguished between primary transactions and secondary transactions,with the former including the individual and the data processor,and the latter occurring between different data processors.As for the object,it should be clarified that personal information is ineluded in personal data,and the two are not equivalent.In terms of rights allocation,it should be confirmed that individuals have the right to know the entire process of data trading,the limited right not to be subject to automated decision-making,and other rights based on personal information protection law,while data processors have the data property rights under the three-rights separation and the right to share revenue distribution with individuals.In terms of rule setting,efforts should be made to coordinate and improve the rules of relevant law,including the contract law rules to balance the parties'status in transactions,the personal information protection law rules to protect the rights of individuals to know and consent,and the property law rules to protect the rights of data processors to own data products.

关 键 词：个人数据 交易主体 交易客体 权利配置 规则设置 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学]