论当前美国中东政策中的折衷主义  

On the Eclecticism in the Current U.S.Middle East Policy

作　　者：孙德刚 杨影淇 Sun Degang;Yang Yingqi

机构地区：[1]复旦大学中东研究中心,上海200433 [2]复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院,上海200433

出　　处：《国际观察》2024年第4期58-83,共26页International Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“大国在中东博弈的新动向与中国中东战略研究”(项目批准号:23AGJ011)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：拜登执政三年多来,美国的中东战略以维护“自由主义国际秩序”为“标”,以霸权护持为“本”,形成了兼具自由主义和现实主义色彩的“折衷主义”中东政策:一是折衷价值观外交和务实外交,重构中东伙伴关系;二是调和遏制战略与接触战略,对“抵抗阵线”实施双轨政策;三是兼顾竞争手段与合作手段,运筹大国关系;四是求“联”而不求“盟”,执行符合实际的复合多边主义路线。美国力图塑造“民主”与“威权”、“温和”与“激进”、“守成”与“修正”的二元对抗话语,企图占据道义制高点,维护“基于规则的自由主义国际秩序”。同时,面对巴以冲突、伊朗核问题、红海危机、恐怖主义等中东热点问题,美国又采取务实外交政策,拼凑灵活机动的安全、科技、发展复合联盟。拜登政府“折衷主义”中东外交政策存在明显的悖论,反映了美国战略理念与实施能力的巨大鸿沟,决定其难以真正收到成效。Since Biden came to power,the United States'Middle East policy has been aimed at maintaining a liberal international order,and based on the safeguarding of its world hegemony,an"eclecticism"Middle East policy has taken shape.On the one hand,the Biden administration promotes value diplomacy by inviting Middle Eastern countries to participate in the Global Democracy Summit,shaping a dichotomy between so-called"democracy"and"authoritarianism",between"moderation"and"radicalism",in order to occupy a moral high ground.On the other hand,by pursuing pragmatic diplomacy,the U.S.forms a flexible composite alliance for security,technology,and development,with the"resistance coalition"led by Iran as the main target;meanwhile promotes the linkage of the world's three strategic regions of Indo-Pacific,the Middle East and Europe,and prevents emerging powers from filling the"power vacuum"in the Middle East left by the U.S.strategic eastward pivot.In the era of multi-polarity in the Middle East,the initiative of emerging powers to participate in Middle East affairs has increased,the strategic autonomy of medium-sized powers has been consolidated,non-state armed actors have become increasingly active,thus causing the decline of the U.S.hard and soft power.While the U.S.aspires to retain leadership in the Middle East,but is unwilling to be deeply involved in the Middle East,consequently it failed to propose effective governance initiatives on Middle East hotspot issues such as the Palestinian-Israeli conflict,the Iranian nuclear issue,the Sudanese civil war,the Libyan conflict,the Red Sea crisis and terrorism issue in the region.The paradox and inherent tension of liberal realism have led to the ineffectiveness of the U.S.administration's Middle East policy.

关 键 词：折衷主义 外交理论 美国中东政策 中东治理 大国竞争 

分 类 号：D82[政治法律—政治学]