结构压力是国家间互动造就的  

Structural Pressure Is What States Make of It

作　　者：徐进[1,2] Xu Jin(the School of International Politics and Economics,the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;the Institute of World Economics and Politics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学国际政治经济学院 [2]中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2024年第10期87-108,162,163,共24页World Economics and Politics

基　　金：中国社会科学院创新工程重大项目“人类命运共同体思想的历史文化根基研究”(项目批准号:2023YZD049)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：国际关系理论研究围绕体系与单元的关系形成了体系决定论和单元决定论两大阵营。作者提出了一个弱结构现实主义理论框架,旨在重新思考体系与单元之间的关系。弱结构现实主义既反对结构现实主义的绝对结构选择,也反对还原理论的绝对单元选择,试图走出“第三条道路”。弱结构现实主义在遵循结构现实主义一系列基本假定(国家是理性行为体这一点除外)的前提下发展自己的理论,主张体系必须通过结构压力才能驱动单元,结构压力是一个变量而非常量。结构压力的变化是国家间互动造就的。这样,弱结构现实主义就恢复了单元的能动性,形成了一个单元与体系双向互动的模型。相较于结构现实主义,弱结构现实主义可以更好地解释和预测较长时段内国家的对外政策和国家间关系变化;相较于还原理论,弱结构现实主义更加有助于我们理解较长时段内大国关系发展的整体性趋势。弱结构现实主义既反对结构现实主义特别是进攻性现实主义对大国政治悲剧的命定式论断,也反对还原理论特别是大战略理论寄望于个人或团体能一举扭转大国政治悲剧的愿望式论断。IR scholars have formed two major camps of“Structural Determinism”and“Agent Determinism”,based on their attitude about the relationship between systems and actors.This paper proposes a theoretical framework of weak structural realism,aiming to rethink the relationship between structure and agent.Weak structural realism rejects both the absolute structural choice of structural realism and the absolute agent choice of various reductionist theories,instead attempting to find a third way.As a variant of structural realism,weak structural realism develops its theory while adhering to a series of basic assumptions of structural realism(except that states are rational actors).It argues that systems can only drive actors through structural pressure,which is a variable rather than a constant.Changes in structural pressure stem from changes in state interactions,meaning that structural pressure is shaped by interstate interactions.In this way,weak structural realism rehabilitates the agency of actors and forms a model of bidirectional interaction between systems and actors.Compared with structural realism,weak structural realism can better explain and predict changes in states'foreign policies and interstate relations over longer periods.Compared with various reductionist theories,it can help us better understand the overall trends in the development of great power relations over longer periods.The policy value of weak structural realism lies in its opposition to the deterministic judgement of structural realism,especially offensive realism,which regards the politics of great powers as a tragedy,as well as to the wishful inference of various reductionist theories,especially grand strategy theories,which hope that individuals or groups can reverse the tragic essence of great power politics in one fell swoop.

关 键 词：结构压力 弱结构现实主义 结构现实主义 体系理论 还原理论 

分 类 号：D80[政治法律—政治学]