数智时代安全例外条款的适用边界探析——兼对TikTok剥离法作法律分析  

Application Limits of Security Exceptions Clauses in the Digital and Intelligent Era—A Legal Analysis of the TikTok Divestiture Bill

作　　者：卢琦 王盈颖 LU Qi;WANG Yingying(Shanghai University of International Business and Economics;Boston University)

机构地区：[1]上海对外经贸大学国际组织学院 [2]比利时根特大学 [3]美国波士顿大学法学院

出　　处：《国际贸易》2024年第10期58-66,96,共10页Intertrade

基　　金：上海市哲社青年项目“上海对接高标准数字贸易规则推进国际数据港建设研究”(2023EFX006)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：TikTok剥离法的通过,引发其是否违反国际规则及能否援引安全例外抗辩的质疑。在当前数字与智能时代背景下,TikTok面临的挑战并非偶然。文章以TikTok剥离法为例,在更广泛视域下对安全例外条款在非传统安全领域的适用边界进行了探析,并且发现安全例外的适用虽非不可能,但应满足严格的条件。就数据安全与算法主导的认知域安全威胁而言,至少需证明:跨境数据传输或信息分发已引发社会危机或动荡,或招致与武力冲突相当的危险;措施实施于“国际关系中的其他紧急情况”时期(WTO规则)或通过必要性测试(国际投资法)。美国显然并未满足这些要件,不具合法性依据。在多边框架下,安全例外不应成为各国逃避义务、肆意打压对手的工具与借口。The enactment of the TikTok Divestiture Bill has sparked questions about whether it violates international rules and whether security exceptions can be invoked as a defense.In the current digital and intelligence-driven era,the challenges TikTok faces are not coincidental.This paper takes the TikTok Divestiture Bill as an example,and examines the application limits of security exceptions clauses in non-traditional security fields from a broader perspective.It is found that while the application of security exceptions is feasible,it must adhere to strict conditions.Concerning data security and algorithm-driven cognitive security threats,it must be demonstrated,at a minimum,that cross-border data transfers or information dissemination have triggered social crises or unrest,or pose dangers equivalent to armed conflict.Furthermore,any measures should be implemented during a time of“other emergency in international relations”(as per WTO rules)or pass a necessity test(as per international investment law).The United States clearly does not meet these requirements and lacks a solid legal basis.Within a multilateral framework,security exceptions should not serve as a tool or pretext for countries to evade obligations or arbitrarily suppress opponents.

关 键 词：安全例外 国际经贸规则 TikTok 数据安全 算法安全 

分 类 号：D996.1[政治法律—经济法学]