再生水利用中的微生物风险研究进展  

Research Progress on Microbial Risk in Reclaimed Water Utilization

作　　者：张崇淼[1,2,3,4] 袁培华 ZHANG Chong-miao;YUAN Pei-hua(School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering,Xi′an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi′an 710055;Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource,Environment and Ecology,Ministry of Education,Xi′an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi′an 710055;Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering,Xi′an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi′an 710055;International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development,Xi′an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi′an 710055)

机构地区：[1]西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西西安710055 [2]西安建筑科技大学西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,陕西西安710055 [3]西安建筑科技大学陕西省环境工程重点实验室,陕西西安710055 [4]西安建筑科技大学城市非传统水资源开发利用国际科技合作基地,陕西西安710055

出　　处：《微生物学杂志》2024年第5期1-15,共15页Journal of Microbiology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(51578441)。

摘　　要：污水再生利用是解决水资源短缺的重要途径。再生水的安全性是关系公众健康的热点问题,再生水中残留的介水病原微生物对人体健康造成潜在威胁,然而目前对再生水利用中微生物风险的认知并不清楚,限制了再生水安全利用的发展。本文综述了再生水中微生物的赋存特征、介水病原微生物的检测技术、再生水利用中的微生物暴露途径以及微生物定量风险评估进展。再生水中存在多种介水病原微生物,主要涉及细菌、病毒与原生动物。由于介水病原微生物浓度低,需要将微生物高效富集方法与高灵敏度检测方法相结合才能实现再生水中介水病原微生物的定量检测。休闲/环境改善、灌溉和城市杂用是再生水利用的主要途径。微生物暴露与再生水利用方式紧密相关,吸入暴露应予以特别重视。微生物定量风险评估包括危害鉴定、剂量-反应关系分析、暴露评估、风险表征四个步骤,是定量评估再生水利用中微生物风险的有力手段。未来应重点加强再生水中病原微生物分布特征和存活能力、再生水利用方式中的微生物暴露特征等方面的研究,以期为保障再生水安全利用提供科学依据。Wastewater reclamation is a crucial measure to solve the problem of water scarcity.The safety of reclaimed water is a hot topic related to public health.The residual waterborne pathogenic microorganisms in reclaimed water pose a potential threat to human health.However,the current understanding of microbial risks in reclaimed water utilization remains unclear,which limits the development of safe utilization of reclaimed water.This article reviewed the research progress on the occurrence characteristics of microorganisms in reclaimed water,detection technologies for waterborne pathogenic microorganisms,exposure pathways of microorganisms in reclaimed water utilization,and quantitative microbial risk assessment.There are various waterborne pathogenic microorganisms in reclaimed water,mainly involving bacteria,viruses,and protozoa.Due to the low concentration of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms in reclaimed water,it is necessary to combine efficient enrichment methods of microorganisms with high-sensitivity detection methods to achieve quantitative detection of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms in reclaimed water.Recreational/environmental enhancement,irrigation,and urban miscellaneous use are the main ways of reclaimed water utilization.Microbial exposure is closely related to the utilization method of reclaimed water,and inhalation exposure should be given special attention.Quantitative microbial risk assessment,which includes four steps:Hazard identification,dose-response relationship analysis,exposure assessment,and risk characterization,is a powerful tool for quantitatively assessing microbial risks in reclaimed water utilization.In the future,the research should focus on strengthening the study of the distribution characteristics and survival ability of pathogenic microorganisms in reclaimed water,as well as the characteristics of microbial exposure in reclaimed water utilization.It will provide scientific basis for ensuring the safe utilization of reclaimed water.

关 键 词：污水再生利用 再生水 介水病原微生物 暴露途径 微生物定量风险评估 

分 类 号：Q939.9[生物学—微生物学]