直接空气捕集CO_(2)典型工艺与关键装置开发进展  

Development of typical processes and key devices for direct air CO_(2)capture

作　　者：余斌鹏 谈磊 王鼎 王利民 向小凤[5] 王志超[5] 晋中华[5] 杨伯伦[1,2] 吴志强 YU Binpeng;TAN Lei;WANG Ding;WANG Limin;XIANG Xiaofeng;WANG Zhichao;JIN Zhonghua;YANG Bolun;WU Zhiqiang(School of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China;Shaanxi Province Energy and Chemical Process Intensification Key Laboratory,Xi’an 710049,China;School of Engery and Powerl Engineering,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China;State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering,Xi’an 710049,China;Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Coal Fired Boiler Environmental Protection,Xi’an 710054,China)

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学化学工程与技术学院,陕西西安710049 [2]陕西省能源化工过程强化重点实验室,陕西西安710049 [3]西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西西安710049 [4]动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西西安710049 [5]西安热工研究院有限公司电站锅炉煤清洁燃烧国家工程研究中心,陕西西安710054

出　　处：《煤炭学报》2024年第10期4203-4221,共19页Journal of China Coal Society

基　　金：陕西省创新人才推进计划-青年科技新星资助项目(2023-KJXX-004);陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2023-YBSF-140);西安热工院研发基金资助项目(TD-23-TYK01)。

摘　　要：常规的碳捕集与封存技术和碳捕集、利用与封存技术多针对固定源排放CO_(2),直接空气捕集CO_(2)(Direct Air Capture,DAC)技术作为一种新兴的负碳排放技术可对分布源排放的CO_(2)进行捕集,进一步降低全球大气CO_(2)体积分数。介绍了DAC典型液体吸收工艺、固体吸附工艺的发展过程及相关示范项目建设情况,分析了新兴DAC工艺的技术特点,探讨了现有DAC工艺关键装置方案和未来发展趋势。DAC液体吸收工艺具有吸收剂原料成本较低、选择性较高的特点,可实现大规模连续化捕集,但再生过程中能耗较高。DAC固体吸附工艺具有模块化、投资成本较低的特点,且再生过程能耗相对较低,但需要定期对吸附材料更换和吸附设备维护,适用于较小规模的DAC应用场景。对2种典型DAC工艺吸收/吸附材料进行了概述。DAC电振荡吸附工艺中CO_(2)在固体电极中发生化学反应被捕集,并通过外加电场改变固体电极极性实现CO_(2)脱附,该工艺具有比基于热量或压力的分离过程更高的效率。空气中CO_(2)选择透过DAC分离膜从而实现了高效碳捕集。DAC变湿吸附工艺通过湿度的改变实现CO_(2)的吸脱附,突破了常规变温/变压吸附的高能耗限制等问题。DAC生物吸收工艺通过藻类生物的光合作用将CO_(2)吸收固定。基于双功能催化剂的DAC工艺可以在一个综合过程中实现CO_(2)的捕集与催化,节省了CO_(2)捕集后的运输与存储成本。DAC液体吸收工艺的关键装置为空气接触器、颗粒反应器、煅烧炉和熟化器,其中空气接触器开发的核心在于提高气液接触效率,减少喷淋过程中的水分损失和减轻设备腐蚀,颗粒反应器和熟化器开发的关键在于提高固液两相物料的接触效率以及反应后的固液分离效率。DAC固体吸附工艺由引风模块、吸附/再生模块、供能再生模块和CO_(2)压缩模块组成的模块化装置组成,其中优化吸附�Conventional carbon capture and storage technologies and carbon capture,utilization and storage technologies mainly target CO_(2)emissions from fixed sources,while direct air capture CO_(2)(DAC)technology,as an emerging negative carbon emission technology,can capture CO_(2)emissions from distributed sources and further reduce the global atmospheric CO_(2)concentration.In this paper,the development process of DAC's typical liquid absorption process,solid adsorption process and the construction of relevant demonstration projects are introduced,the technical characteristics of emerging DAC processes are analyzed,and the key equipment schemes and future development trends of existing DAC processes are discussed.The DAC liquid absorption process has the characteristics of low cost of absorbent raw materials and high selectivity,which can realize a large-scale continuous capture,but high energy consumption in the regeneration process.The DAC solid adsorption process has the characteristics of modularity,low investment cost,and relatively low energy consumption in the regeneration process,but requires a regular replacement of adsorption materials and maintenance of adsorption equipment,which is suitable for small-scale DAC application scenarios.Two typical DAC process absorption/adsorption materials are reviewed.In the DAC electric oscillation adsorption process,CO_(2)is chemically captured in the solid electrode,and CO_(2)desorption is achieved by changing the polarity of the solid electrode with applied electric field.This process has a higher efficiency than that of the heat or pressure-based separation process.The CO_(2)in the air is selected through the DAC separation membrane to achieve an efficient carbon capture.The DAC process achieves the CO_(2)absorption and desorption through the change of humidity,which breaks through the high energy consumption limit of conventional variable temperature/pressure swing adsorption.The DAC bio-absorption process absorbs and fixes CO_(2)through the photosynthesis of algae orga

关 键 词：直接空气捕碳技术 碳中和 液体吸收 固体吸附 吸附剂再生 吸附装置 

分 类 号：X701[环境科学与工程—环境工程]