磷肥施用深度及比例对夏玉米光合特征、磷素利用及产量的影响  

Effects of application depth and proportion of phosphorus fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics,phosphorus utilization and yield of maize

作　　者：石佳玉 王泽鹏 郭靖 张浩文 付鑫 彭正萍 SHI Jiayu;WANG Zepeng;GUO Jing;ZHANG Haowen;FU Xin;PENG Zhengping(College of Resources and Environmental Science/Hebei Province Key Laboratory for Farmland EcoEnvironment,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding 071001,China;State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation,Baoding 071001,China)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院/河北省农田生态环境重点实验室,河北保定071001 [2]华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室,河北保定071001

出　　处：《河北农业大学学报》2024年第5期11-18,共8页Journal of Hebei Agricultural University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1901003);河北省重点研发计划项目(22326401D);河北农业大学科学发展基金项目(JY2022005).

摘　　要：为提升黄淮海地区夏玉米磷肥效率、减少农田磷素固定和提高籽粒产量,试验采用田间微区及大区两种试验方法,分别设置了7个磷肥施用深度及比例:不施磷肥MP_(0:0)、FP_(0:0);一层施磷0~20 cm(MP_(1:0)和FP_(1:0)),一层施磷20~40 cm(MP_(0:1)和FP_(0:1)),0~20和20~40 cm两层施磷(MP_(4:1)、MP_(3:2)、MP_(2:3)、MP_(1:4);FP_(4:1)、FP_(3:2)、FP_(2:3)、FP_(1:4))。结果表明:与其他施磷处理比,MP_(2:3)的玉米叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别提高2.1%~23.3%、1.4%~10.0%、1.2%~20.7%;成熟期植株地上部干物质积累量提高2.7%~30.1%;磷积累量及磷肥利用率、农学效率、偏生产力均最高,MP_(3:2)次之。MP_(2:3)、MP_(3:2)产量较其他施磷处理产量显著增加4.26%~29.26%、6.75%~23.98%。成熟期20~40 cm土层中MP_(2:3)、FP_(2:3)有效磷含量显著提高,0~40 cm土壤磷含量分布更趋于均衡。因此,0~20 cm和20~40 cm两层施磷且比例2∶3(MP_(2:3)、FP_(2:3))处理可以均衡土壤磷素空间分布,促使作物根系向下生长吸收充足磷养分,提高玉米叶片光合能力,提升磷素吸收利用,增加玉米干物质和磷素的积累并更多地向籽粒转移,提高籽粒产量,是生产中值得推广的可实现机械化的一种高效施磷肥方式。In order to improve the phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency of maize,reduce phosphorus fixation in farmland and increase grain yield in Huang-Huai-Hai area,this study compared 7 application methods of phosphorus(P)fertilizer under different depths and ratios in micro area and large area fields.The treatments included No application of P fertilizer(MP_(0:0),FP_(0:0)),one layer of P application at 0-20 cm soil depth(MP_(1:0),FP_(1:0)),one layer of P application at 20-40 cm soil depth(MP_(0:1),FP_(0:1)),and two layers of P application at both 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm(MP_(4:1),MP_(3:2),MP_(2:3),MP_(1:4);FP_(4:1),FP_(3:2),FP_(2:3),FP_(1:4)).The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of maize leaves under MP_(2:3)were increased by 2.1%-23.3%,1.4%-10.0%,1.2%-20.7%,respectively.The accumulation of dry matter in plants at maturity stage was increased from 2.7%to 30.1%.The accumulation of P fertilizer utilization efficiency,agronomic efficiency,and partial productivity under MP_(2:3)were all the highest,followed by MP_(3:2).The yields of MP_(2:3)and MP_(3:2) were significantly increased by 4.26%-29.26%and 6.75%-23.98%compared with the other other P application treatments.The effective P content of MP_(2:3)and FP_(2:3) significantly increased in 20-40 cm soil layer,and the distribution of P content in the 0-40 cm soil layer tended to be more balanced.Therefore,applying P in two soil layers at 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm with a ratio of 2:3(MP_(2:3),FP_(2:3))can balance the spatial distribution of soil P,promote the downward growth of crop roots to absorb sufficient P nutrients,improve the photosynthetic capacity of leaves,enhance P absorption and utilization,increase the accumulation of dry matter and P,and transfer more to grains of maize.This is a highly efficient mechanized application method of P fertilizer that is worth promoting in production.

关 键 词：磷肥 施用位置及比例 夏玉米 光合特征 产量 土壤磷 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]