墨西哥土著居民权益保护的立法及其变迁  

Legislation on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Indigenous Peoples in Mexico and its Changes

作　　者：张青仁 Qingren Zhang

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院,北京100081

出　　处：《世界民族》2024年第5期92-102,共11页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：2024年国家社科基金一般项目“墨西哥梅斯蒂索民族主义研究”、中央民族大学青年学术团队引领计划项目“人类学本土化与墨西哥民族国家建设的理论与实践研究”(项目号:2022QNYL04)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：西班牙殖民者对墨西哥300余年的殖民征服,形成了以白人为中心、强调种族区隔与等级秩序的殖民情境。19世纪初墨西哥独立后,自由主义精英继承了殖民情境,他们颁布了一系列法律条文,试图将土著人从社会生活中清除。20世纪30年代后,殖民情境演变为对土著整合的梅斯蒂索民族主义。墨西哥政府通过立法保障土著社区的土地和财产权,却并没有承认土著族群的多元文化身份。20世纪80年代后,新自由主义对土著族群的经济区隔成为殖民情境新的演化。革命制度党政府颁布并调整了各项法律,有限地承认了土著族群的多元文化身份,取消了对土著人的各项保护制度。21世纪民主化转型完成后,国家行动与社会现实的脱节构成了殖民情境的当下形态。虽然墨西哥政府通过立法承认了土著族群的多元文化身份与各项权利,但是法律主张的各项权利并未得到落实。如何超越殖民情境的支配,在民众共享的政治空间内,在平等、尊重和多样性认可的基础上重建国家与族群的关系,是墨西哥政府对土著立法的重要挑战。The Spanish conquest of Mexico for more than 300 years created a colonial situation that centered on white people and emphasized racial separation and hierarchical order.After Mexico's independence in the early 19^(th)century,the liberal elite inherited the colonial situation and enacted a series of laws in an attempt to eliminate indigenous peoples from social life.After the 1930s,the colonial situation evolved into Mestizo nationalism that encouraged indigenous integration.The Mexican government passed legislation guaranteeing land and property rights to indigenous communities without recognizing their multicultural identity.After the 1980s,the neoliberal economic separation of indigenous peoples became a new evolution of the colonial situation.The Government of the Institutional Revolutionary Party(PRI)promulgated and adapted laws to give limited recognition to the multicultural identity of indigenous communities,and abolished various protection systems for indigenous peoples.After the completion of the democratic transformation in the 21^(st)century,disconnection between state action and social reality constitutes the current shape of the colonial situation.Although the Mexican government has adopted legislation recognizing the multicultural identity and rights of indigenous peoples,the rights asserted by the law have not been implemented.How to go beyond the domination of the colonial situation and rebuild the relationship between the state and ethnic groups in the political space shared by the people,on the basis of equality,respect,and recognition of diversity,is an important challenge to the Mexican government in legislation for indigenous peoples.

关 键 词：墨西哥 土著立法 殖民情境 多样性 平等 

分 类 号：D773.1[政治法律—政治学] D973.1[政治法律—中外政治制度]