论青少年合理怀疑精神的培育--基于近现代哲学家关于怀疑论述的分析  

On the Cultivation of Adolescent Reasonable Doubt Spirit:Based on the Analysis of Modern and Contemporary Philosophers’Arguments on Doubt

作　　者：耿博雅 石中英 GENG Bo-ya;SHI Zhong-ying(School of Marxism,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing,100091;Institute of Education,Tsinghua University,Beijing,100084)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学马克思主义学院,北京100091 [2]清华大学教育研究院,北京100084

出　　处：《清华大学教育研究》2024年第4期150-157,共8页Tsinghua Journal of Education

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金第70批(2021年)面上资助“皮尔士的信念理论及其对当代中国教育的启示”(2021M701901);清华大学青少年德育研究中心专题项目“青少年理想信念教育的理论研究”。

摘　　要：青少年怀疑精神的培育是全民科学素质建设的关键环节。本文批判性分析和借鉴笛卡尔、休谟、康德、皮尔士、胡塞尔、杜威、罗素和维特根斯坦等近现代哲学家关于怀疑的重要哲学论述,提出怀疑是一种人们以分析新旧认知之间的冲突为起点,并以真理为目标的追问行动;进而规范和论证该怀疑作为青少年怀疑精神培育内核的合理性,提出合理怀疑具有可感知性、意义性和科学性等特征。当代培育青少年合理怀疑精神应该重视以下几点:将培育合理怀疑精神纳入青少年学生发展核心素养以及根据各学龄段设定相应教学内容与教学目标;在教学过程中,通过组织理性对话和讨论等形式培育学生提出和解决合理怀疑的能力;教学评价上,允许学生突破标准答案的限制,鼓励提出有根据的批判性、突破性和创造性观点;发挥教师在培养合理怀疑精神方面的榜样示范作用,加强教师合理怀疑精神的培训工作。The cultivation of a spirit of reasonable doubt among adolescents is a critical component in building the scientific literacy of the broader population.This paper critically analyzes and draws insights from the philosophical arguments on doubt by modern and contemporary philosophers such as RenéDescartes,David Hume,Immanuel Kant,Charles Sanders Peirce,Edmund Husserl,John Dewey,Bertrand Russell,and Ludwig Wittgenstein.It posits that doubt is a questioning action that begins with analyzing conflicts between new and existing knowledge,with truth as its ultimate goal.The paper further argues for the rationality of doubt as the core element in fostering a spirit of reasonable doubt in adolescents,identifying its main characteristics as perceptibility,meaningfulness,and scientific validity.To effectively cultivate a spirit of reasonable doubt in contemporary adolescents,several key points must be emphasized:First,integrating the cultivation of reasonable doubt into the core competencies of adolescent development and tailoring teaching content and objectives to different age groups.Second,in the teaching process,fostering students’ability to raise and resolve reasonable doubts through organized rational dialogue and discussion.Third,in teaching evaluations,allowing students to go beyond standard answers and encouraging them to present well-founded critical,groundbreaking,and creative ideas.Fourth,teachers should serve as role models in cultivating a spirit of reasonable doubt,and efforts should be made to enhance teacher training in this area.

关 键 词：怀疑 合理怀疑 感知怀疑 在先认知 创新 科学素质建设 

分 类 号：B01[哲学宗教—哲学理论]