阿富汗民族国家建构:历程、困境与展望  

The Building of Nation-State of Afghanistan:Process,Problems,and Prospects

作　　者：张吉军 ZHANG Ji-jun

机构地区：[1]兰州文理学院马克思主义学院、“一带一路”文化艺术研究院

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2024年第3期25-41,153,共18页South and Southeast Asian Studies

基　　金：2023年国家社会科学基金一般项目“阿富汗战后重建对我西北稳定的机遇、挑战及对策研究”(项目编号:2023BGJ075);2023年甘肃省高校教师创新基金项目“总体国家安全观视域下阿富汗重建对中国西北边疆安全的影响及对策研究”(项目编号:2023A-171)的阶段性成果;兰州文理学院特色科研平台建设项目资助。

摘　　要：国家建构是政治学有关国家理论的核心概念之一,一般包括政治精英通过完善官僚组织机构和国家机器以巩固、提升国家能力,推动国民认同感的民族建构两个部分。民族建构在一定程度上是要解决“谁的国家”的问题,具体包括建立由国家主导的统一的现代行政体系、税收体系、司法体系、军事体系和教育体系等。现代阿富汗的国家建构可以追溯至19世纪后期阿卜杜尔·拉赫曼建构集权国家,这也被认为在一定程度上塑造了阿富汗现代国家的雏形。从19世纪末起,阿富汗一再谋求建构独立的民族国家,但在内外部多重压力之下,阿富汗的民族国家建构最终都以失败而告终。2021年8月,塔利班重新执掌政权,也宣告阿富汗再次开启了民族国家建构进程。由于阿富汗长期受到传统部落社会结构、伊斯兰宗教文化以及大国干预等因素影响,其现代民族国家建构异常复杂、艰巨,前景不容乐观。State-building is one of the core concepts in the political science theory of the state.It generally involves two main aspects:political elites strengthening and enhancing state capacity through improving bureaucratic organizations and state machinery,and fostering national identity through nation-building.Nation-building seeks,to some extent,to tackle the question of“whose state it is”,specifically by establishing a state-led unified modern administrative system,tax system,judicial system,military system,and education system.The modern state-building of Afghanistan dates back to the late 19th century when Abdur Rahman Khan built a centralized state,which is considered to have shaped the early form of the modern Afghan state.Since the late 19th century,Afghanistan has consistently attempted to build an independent nation-state.However,these efforts have repeatedly failed due to a range of internal and external pressures.In August 2021,the Taliban regained power,initiating a new phase in Afghanistan’s nation-state construction.Given Afghanistan’s long-standing traditional tribal social structure,Islamic religious culture,and foreign intervention,the process of modern nation-state construction remains extraordinarily complex and challenging with an uncertain future.

关 键 词：阿富汗 塔利班 民族国家建构 部落社会 

分 类 号：D737.2[政治法律—政治学]