从西犬丘到雍城:秦国用尺的演变  

From Xiquanqiu to Yongcheng:The Length of the Ruler in the Qin State's Measuring Rods

作　　者：贾越 陈镱文[1,2] JIA Yue;CHEN Yiwen(Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China;Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage and Digital Humanities of Shaanxi Province,Xi'an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学科学史高等研究院,西安710127 [2]陕西省文化遗产数字人文重点实验室,西安710127

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2024年第3期473-486,500,共15页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国历法史”(项目编号:22&ZD221)。

摘　　要：在古代,度制与国家权威深度绑定。周天子式微,西周晚期至东周度制呈现混乱的状态,在商鞅方升出现之前,秦国的尺度也不明晰。根据考古材料及传世文献记载,推测出这一时期秦国可能采用的一尺长度有三种情况,分别为19.86cm、22.7cm和23.1cm。鉴于秦国对墓葬仪制的重视,将古建筑的整数尺法应用于不同时期秦国国君墓葬,以三种尺长分别还原墓葬尺长,保留具有特殊含义的数字,再分析误差,最后运用数理统计方法对估算尺验证选取最贴近该墓穴实际应用的尺长。通过这一方法筛选出不同时期的秦国用尺,重构了秦国自西犬丘迁都至雍城这一时期的度制变化。In ancient times,the system of measures was closely intertwined with national authority.As the power of the kings waned during the late Western Zhou to the Eastern Zhou period,the system of measurements became chaotic.Prior to the emergence of the Shang Yang Square Measure(a standard measure),the Qin state did not have a clear and consistent system for its units of length.According to archaeological materials and transmitted historical records,it is speculated that during this period,there were possibly three different lengths for one chi in the Qin state,which are 19.86cm,22.7cm,and 23.1cm.Given the Qin's emphasis on burial rites and protocols,an integer-based measurement system from ancient architecture was hypothesized to be applied to the royal tombs of the Qin state across different periods.The method involved restoring the tomb dimensions using each of the three proposed chi lengths,while endeavoring to preserve numbers with special significance,then analyzing the errors,and ultimately employing mathematical statistical methods to verify and select the most likely chi length that corresponded to the actual use in the tombs.Through this method,different chi measures used by the Qin state across various periods were identified,thereby reconstructing the changes in the system of measurements within the Qin during the period from its capital's relocation from Xiquanqiu to Yongcheng.

关 键 词：度制 秦国 墓葬 整数尺法 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]