民本之解蔽:先秦民本观的构型及调适  

The Demasking of People-oriented Theory:Configurations and Adaptation of People-oriented Theory in Pre-Qin Dynasty

作　　者：孙康[1,2] SUN Kang

机构地区：[1]山东大学习近平法治思想研究中心 [2]山东大学法学院,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《学习与实践》2024年第10期122-131,共10页Study and Practice

基　　金：山东省社科规划研究重点项目“司法公信力问题研究”(项目编号:23BFXJ02);教育部国家人权教育与培训基地重大项目“中国传统文化与当代人权话语体系的构建研究”(项目编号:18JJD820005)。

摘　　要：先秦民本观不宜宽泛地以“民本”统称,而是具体分为四种构型。以“民惟邦本”为代表的民本论呈现出功能主义的话语效用,为诸子所共享,但存在“民本悖论”这一有待突破的理论困境。孟子主张的“民贵君轻”可称为民贵论,具有一定的思辨性特征,但其极限版本“汤武革命”成本过高,不宜作为常态化的实践方案。民意论和民约论分别可从儒家和墨家思想中建构出来。儒家民意论是不同于官方民本论的一种理想化的理论形态,是中国传统政治哲学的现代性延伸。墨家民约论对儒家民意论具有调和作用,可以丰富后者的实践面向。此四种构型各有侧重,层层递进且互有补充,共同呈现了先秦诸子对人民地位的整体态度,并在后世得以发展完善,对当代中国及世界都具有较为深刻的历史镜鉴意义。The pre-Qin classical theory of people can not be collectively referred to as"people-oriented theory"in a monotonous way,but should be specifically divided into four configurations.These four configurations have their own emphasis,complement each other,and jointly present the overall attitude of the pre-Qin sons to the status of the people,and develop and perfect in the later generations,and have profound historical value for the contemporary world.The people-oriented theory,represented by"the people are the foundation of the state",presents the discourse function of functionalism and is shared by all the sons.The people's more important theory,represented by"the people are more important than the king",has certain characteristics of speculation.Mencius'theory of revolution,as a practical scheme,is not realistic and low in nature.The people's opinion theory and people's contract theory can be interpreted from Confucianism and Mohism respectively.The Confucian people's opinion theory is an idealized theoretical form different from the official democracy theory and an extension of Chinese political philosophy.Confucianism and Mohism have the possibility of adapting to each other.Mohist theory of civil covenant has a harmonizing effect on the Confucian people's opinion theory,which can enrich the practical aspect of the latter.These four configurations,each with its own side,are progressive and complementary to each other.Together,they present philosopher's overall attitude towards the status of the people,and have been developed and improved in later generations,which has a profound historical mirror value for the contemporary China and the whole world.

关 键 词：先秦民本观 民本论 民贵论 民意论 民约论 

分 类 号：D69[政治法律—政治学]