高技能人才流动对新兴国家技术演化的影响机制  

Influencing mechanism of the flow of high-skilled talents on technological evolution in emerging countries

作　　者：金文纨 朱晟君[2] 林雄斌[1] JIN Wenwan;ZHU Shengjun;LIN Xiongbin(Department of Geography and Spatial Information Technology,Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research,Ningbo University,Ningbo 315211,Zhejiang,China;College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]宁波大学地理与空间信息技术系浙江省陆海国土空间利用与治理协同创新中心,宁波315211 [2]北京大学城市与环境学院,北京100871

出　　处：《地理学报》2024年第10期2621-2637,共17页Acta Geographica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42122006,41971154,42271201);国家自然科学基金重点项目(41731278)。

摘　　要：在全球化背景下,从新兴国家向发达国家的高技能人才流动浪潮兴起。现有人才跨国流动研究主要集中在目的国,较少关注来源国维度,尤其缺乏从动态视角讨论其对来源国技术演化的影响。本文基于全球专利数据库,旨在研究流向发达国家的人才群体为新兴国家反向引回知识技术、实现技术演化路径突破的过程,并进一步讨论潜在机制。结果发现:①新兴国家的技术演化具有路径依赖特征。流向发达国家的高技能人才有助于新兴国家发展与本国知识基础不相关的技术类型并维持比较优势,实现技术演化的路径突破。②人才流出对新兴国家技术演化路径突破的影响与专利跨国合作、引用有关。相较一般专利,跨国合作或引用专利与本国知识基础的差异更大,是国家技术演化路径突破的潜在机制之一。③人才流出对新兴国家技术演化的影响主要集中于高复杂性、低新颖性的技术类型,而对低复杂性、高新颖性技术的作用不明显。本文补充了现有人才流出与来源国技术演化研究的不足,实证检验跨国人才流动对新兴国家技术追赶的积极作用,为新兴国家人才派出、引进以及创新政策制定提供建议。Globalization has resulted in a notable rise in highly-skilled talent flows from emerging to developed countries.Highly-skilled talents introduce external information,skills,and tacit knowledge,and provide impetus for technological path-breaking processes.Although the impacts of highly-skilled immigrants on economic growth,exports,and the social welfare of receiving countries have been widely studied,little research has been done to date on the influences on sending countries.This paper contributes to the limited existing literature by analysing the relationship between the migration of inventors and technological evolution in sending countries based on the OECD REGPAT database.This relates to the hypothesis that the mobility of talents from emerging to developed countries can bring back external knowledge and technologies,hence facilitating sending countries'technological path-breaking process.The findings of this paper include:(1)The technological development of emerging countries is a path-dependent process,as countries often branch into new technologies that are related to their preexisting knowledge base.As a result of knowledge feedback from highly-skilled talents,the probability of sending countries to develop unrelated technologies increases.(2)The mobility of talents across countries contributes to more international collaborations and citations for patents that are unrelated to the local knowledge base,thus enriching the technological paths of sending countries.(3)The mobility of highly-skilled talents typically affects complex technologies,which have strong economic effects that provide an impetus for other countries to imitate.And the effect on novel technologies is not significant,due to their high geographical sticky characteristics.In general,this paper highlights the importance of highly-skilled talent outflows on the technological evolution of emerging countries,then offers some policy implications for migration and innovation.Besides,there are issues about the regional consequences of talent mob

关 键 词：人才流动 技术演化 路径突破 机制研究 新兴国家 

分 类 号：K901[历史地理—人文地理学] C975[经济管理—劳动经济]