满语Xde的论旨角色研究  

A Study on Thematic Roles of"X de"in Manchu

作　　者：王晓娜 WANG Xiaona

机构地区：[1]沈阳师范大学外国语学院,沈阳110034

出　　处：《民族语文》2024年第4期75-88,共14页Minority Languages of China

基　　金：教育部人文社科青年基金项目“清代满语虚字类文献整理与研究(23YJC740066)”;沈阳市社科联基地课题“满语动词论元结构研究(SYSK2024-JD-34)”;辽宁省教育厅项目“汉英动词论元实现与事件句法结构对比研究(JYTMS20231668)”资助。

摘　　要：满语格助词de具有丰富的语法语义功能。本文基于现代语言学格理论、题元理论、论元结构理论,借鉴现代汉语论旨角色层级体系,依据满语语言事实,提出de内部性质不同,可以看作与格标记和介词。当de作与格标记时,Xde为动词的核心论元成分;作介词时,Xde相当于一个介词短语,除被动句中的Xde外,为动词的非核心论元成分。其次,当de作与格标记时,Xde可表达与事、结果、对象等三种论旨角色;作介词时,Xde表施事、领有者、工具、场所、范围、来源、原因、时间、条件等九种论旨角色。最后,当de作与格标记时,Xde可在双宾句中作间接宾语、致使句中作结果补语、形容词谓语句或不及物动词谓语句中作宾语;作介词时,Xde主要作状语。将de分析为与格标记和介词两种属性,可以较好地解释Xde语法语义的复杂性和异质性。此外,研究表明X必须为名词性成分,可以为代词、光杆名词、复杂名词短语或名物化结构。The case marker de in Manchu has diverse grammatical functions and expresses abundant meanings.Previous studies on de and its related structures show that there is still controversy over the nature of de as well as the number of thematic roles and grammatical functions of"X de'.The present paper aims to conduct a systematic study on the thematic roles and grammatical functions of"X de"based on Manchu linguistic data and modern linguistic theories including case theory,thematic theory and argument structure theory.Through careful observation and analysis of the Manchu data,it is found that de can be analyzed both as a dative marker and a postposition.When de is the dative marker,"X de"serves as the core arguments of the predicate verb.When de is the postposition,"X de"'can be regarded as a postpositional phrase and serves,except in passive constructions,as the peripheral arguments of the predicate verb.In the double object construction,"X de"assumes the role of recipient and functions as the indirect object.In the causative construction,"X de"serves the role of result and functions as the result complement.In the predicate adjective construction or intransitive verb construction,"X de"assumes the role of goal and functions as the object.In the cases where de is the postposition,"X de"serves primarily as the adverbial in the sentence,expressing the thematic roles of agent,possessor,instrument,location,range,source,time,cause and condition.Besides,research shows that X"must be a nominal,which can be a pronoun,a bare noun,a complex NP or a nominalized structure.The study on de,a multifunctional category,aims to offer a reference for other systematic studies on functional categories in Manchu as well as other languages.

关 键 词：X de 论旨角色 语法功能 

分 类 号：H221[语言文字—少数民族语言]