微喷限水灌溉对冬小麦产量及水氮利用效率的影响  

Effects of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on winter wheat yield,water and nitrogen use efficiency

作　　者：亢秀丽[1] 马爱平 靖华 赵玉坤 崔欢虎 席吉龙 黄学芳 KANG Xiu-Li;MA Ai-Ping;JING Hua;ZHAO Yu-Kun;CUI Huan-Hu;XI Ji-Long;HUANG Xue-Fang(Wheat Research Institute,Shanxi Agricultural University,Linfen 041000,Shanxi,China;Cotton Research Institute,Shanxi Agricultural University,Yuncheng 044000,Shanxi,China;Organic Dry Farming Research Institute,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan 030006,Shanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学小麦研究所,山西临汾041000 [2]山西农业大学棉花研究所,山西运城044000 [3]山西农业大学山西有机旱作农业研究院,山西太原030006

出　　处：《作物学报》2024年第12期3107-3117,共11页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：山西农业大学科技创新提升工程项目(CXGC2023055);国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1901102-4);山西农业大学特优农业高质量发展科技支撑工程项目(TYGC23-21);省部共建有机旱作农业国家重点实验室自主研发项目(202001-6);国家农业环境尧都实验站项目(NAES-AE-016)资助。

摘　　要：为探究微喷限水灌溉对冬小麦产量及水氮利用效率的影响,在山西南部麦区设置正常微喷(S_(0))、限水微喷(S_(1))、过量微喷(S_(2))、漫灌(F_(0))4个灌溉处理,比较分析不同灌溉水平下麦田土壤贮水耗水特性、籽粒产量构成因素、植株氮素分配及水氮利用的差异化表现规律。结果表明,过量灌溉(S_(2)、F_(0))处理0~200 cm土层贮水量显著高于S_(0)、S_(1)处理,而S_(0)和S_(1)处理间无显著差异;不同处理各土层贮水量均随灌水量增加而增加,0~100 cm土层贮水量低于100~200 cm。4种灌溉方式下麦田0~200 cm土壤水耗水量在生育期总耗水量的占比区间为8.95%~48.48%,该比例随灌水量增加而减小;0~200 cm土壤水耗水最高处理为S_(1),而灌溉水耗水最高处理为F_(0);F_(0)、S_(2)处理的100~200 cm土层耗水量显著低于S_(0)和S_(1)。在产量构成因素中,F_(0)、S_(2)处理的穗数显著低于S_(0)和S_(1),而千粒重高于S_(0)和S_(1);各处理冬小麦籽粒产量S_(0)>S_(1)>S_(2)>F_(0),S_(0)和S_(1)处理间产量差异较小,均显著高于F_(0)和S_(2)。各处理水分利用效率随灌水量增多而降低,限水微喷S_(1)处理水分利用效率较其余灌溉处理高1.39~7.36 kg hm–2 mm–1。与正常微喷S_(0)相比,S_(1)处理的氮素吸收效率、氮素收获指数分别高1.64%和1.91%,氮肥偏生产力略低(P>0.05),但两处理氮肥偏生产力均显著高于F_(0)和S_(2)。S_(1)处理的土壤氮素表观盈余量较其余灌溉处理低2.46%~21.01%,而籽粒氮素积累量较其余处理高3.64%~31.39%。综上所述,限水微喷灌溉能促进冬小麦对深层土壤水分的吸收和籽粒氮素积累,优化灌溉制度,提高水氮利用效率,稳产增效,同时可减少麦田土壤氮素盈余,降低无机氮向下淋溶风险,推进节水农业可持续健康发展。To clarify the influence of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on winter wheat yield,water,and nitrogen use efficiency,we conducted an experiment with four treatments in irrigated wheat fields in southern Shanxi:normal micro-sprinkling irrigation(S_(0)),micro-sprinkling limited irrigation(S_(1)),excessive micro-sprinkling irrigation(S_(2)),and flood irrigation(F_(0)).We analyzed the different performance rules in farmland soil water storage and consumption,yield component factors,plant nitrogen distribution,and water and nitrogen utilization under these different irrigation levels.The results showed that soil pondage in the 0–200 cm layer under excessive irrigation(F_(0) and S_(2))was significantly higher than under normal micro-sprinkling irrigation(S_(0))and micro-sprinkling limited irrigation(S_(1)),with no significant difference between S_(0) and S_(1).Soil pondage increased with increasing irrigation amounts in all treatments,with the 0–100 cm soil pondage being lower than the 100–200 cm pondage.The percentage of 0–200 cm soil water consumption relative to total water consumption during the winter wheat growth period ranged from 8.95%to 48.48%under the four irrigation treatments,decreasing with increasing irrigation amounts.The peak of 0–200 cm soil water consumption was observed in the S_(1) treatment,while the peak of irrigation water consumption was in the F_(0) treatment.The deeper 100–200 cm soil water consumption in the F_(0) and S_(2) treatments was significantly lower than in S_(0) and S_(1).The spike number of the yield components under excessive irrigation treatments(F_(0) and S_(2))were significantly lower than those in S_(0) and S_(1),while the 1000-grain weight was higher in F_(0) and S_(2).The ranks of winter wheat grain yield in different irrigation treatments were S_(0),S_(1),S_(2),and F_(0).There was no significant difference between S_(0) and S_(1);however,the yields of both treatments were significantly higher than those of F_(0) and S_(2).Water use efficiency(WUE)in winter wh

关 键 词：限水微喷 产量 水分利用效率 氮肥偏生产力 氮素表观盈余 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学] S274