中国社会公众对多元性别议题宽容度的变化趋势与影响因素研究——基于CGSS和CSS(2005—2021)合并横截面数据的实证分析与评估  

Trends and Influencing Factors in Public’s Tolerance of Gender Diversity in China:An Empirical Analysis and Evaluation Based on Pooled Cross-Sectional Data from CGSS and CSS(2005—2021)

作　　者：王一鸽 罗鸣 何笑鸥 陈煜帆 WANG Yi-ge;LUO Ming;HE Xiao-ou;CHEN Yu-fan(School of English,Beijing Foreign Studies University,Beijing 100089,China;Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190;School of Communication,Communication University of China,Beijing 100024,China)

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学英语学院,北京100089 [2]中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院,北京100190 [3]中国传媒大学传播研究院,北京100024

出　　处：《山东女子学院学报》2024年第6期43-60,共18页Journal of Shandong Women's University

基　　金：北京外国语大学校级项目新教师科研启动项目“晚清媒体市场的极化现象研究”(项目编号:201500122017)。

摘　　要：基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)和中国社会状况综合调查(CSS)目前已公开数据库中涉及中国社会公众对多元性别议题的调查数据,一方面纵向考察了相关公众态度在2005—2021年间的逐年变化趋势及主要影响因素,另一方面则基于跨数据库调查问题的横向比较,对涉及“争议性”社会议题的公众态度调查方法和问卷质量展开分析和评估。具体而言,首先,合并横截面数据的回归分析结果表明:女性、年龄低者、汉族、未婚、受教育程度高者、城市居民对于同性性行为的宽容度显著更高;收入水平显著影响对于同性性行为的宽容态度,其影响效应呈正U型;时间变量效应显著,表明随时间推移,公众对于同性性行为的宽容度呈相对稳定提升态势。其次,基于2015年CGSS和CSS中三道与多元性别公众宽容度相关问题的横向比较,发现调查结果存在显著的不一致性,反映出问题设计方面欠缺信度与效度。因此当对多元性别议题展开调查时,“道德评判型”“个人偏好型”“平等权利与反歧视型”等三种不同的问题框架设置事实上将构建出不同的问题情境,从而激发受访者基于不同的“即时性态度”作出选择,导向不同的调查数据结果。这也提示研究者需要注意如何在相关问题设计中规避“异性恋中心主义盲视”及“隐性歧视”等问题,从而避免对公众宽容度的低估。总之,当涉及具有一定争议性的议题的社会调查时,应借鉴多学科研究成果,同时结合中国社会语境及中文语言的特点,从方法和方法论层面提升公众态度调查的设计水平与数据质量。Drawing on publicly available data from the Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS)and the Chinese Social Survey(CSS),this paper aims to(1)conduct a longitudinal analysis of public attitudes towards gender diversity in China from 2005 to 2021,identifying key factors influencing these trends,and(2)evaluate the data quality of these two surveys on this“controversial”social issue through a cross-database comparison.The regression analysis of combined cross-sectional data reveals that women,younger individuals,Han ethnicity,unmarried persons,those with higher educational attainment,and urban residents demonstrate significantly higher tolerance toward same-sex behavior.Income levels have a significant impact,displaying a U-shaped effect on tolerance.The time variable also shows a significant influence,indicating a relatively consistent increase in public tolerance towards same-sex behavior over the observed period.Moreover,a cross-database comparison of the three questions related to public tolerance towards gender diversity from the 2015 CGSS and CSS surveys uncovers notable inconsistencies in the results,highlighting issues of reliability and validity.In response,this paper examines the methodological challenges involved in surveying controversial social issues,suggesting that three questioning frameworks—“moral judgment”,“personal preference”and“equal rights and anti-discrimination”—create distinct questioning contexts that lead respondents to form immediate attitudes,producing divergent survey outcomes.This underlines the importance of avoiding“heteronormativity blind”and“implicit discrimination”in question design to prevent underestimation of public tolerance levels.In sum,when conducting social surveys on controversial topics,researchers must incorporate insights from multidisciplinary research while taking into account the specific social context of China and the nuances of the Chinese language,in order to improve question design and enhance data quality in studies of public attitudes.

关 键 词：公众态度 多元性别议题 同性恋宽容度 社会调查方法论 

分 类 号：C915[经济管理]