公共数据有条件开放的法理逻辑及立法展开--基于76份地方性立法的分析  

The Jurisprudential Logic of Conditional Open Access to Public Data and Its Legislation:Based on Analysis of 76 Local Statues

作　　者：沈斌 Shen Bin

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学法学院

出　　处：《理论与改革》2024年第6期47-62,173,共17页Theory and Reform

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“数字政府建设自动化行政的法律回应研究”(20CFX021)。

摘　　要：公共数据有条件开放具有拓展数据开放范围、促进数据安全合理利用的价值功能。实践中,虽然各地普遍将有条件开放作为立法对象并展开规范建构,但各地有条件开放立法存在相互抵牾、粗糙模糊与制度混同等诸多症结,有条件开放的实践推进事实上落入迟滞状态。法理上,有条件开放是基于特定程序向符合既定条件的社会主体平等开放特殊类型的公共数据的制度机制,构成无条件普遍开放的补充方式,并具有迥异于授权运营的法理特征,本质上是具有特殊公共数据开放利用功能的独立制度机制。因此,需首先在立法中基于公共数据有条件开放的法律意涵明确规定其概念条款,并在此基础上展开具体立法设计,将安全风险较高、时效性较强需及时持续供给和非为全部社会主体普遍需要的三类公共数据规定为有条件开放类,由开放机构根据各数据集的特质分别设置主体能力、开放方式、使用目的和方式等方面的具体开放条件,从申请程序、回应程序、救济程序和监督程序等方面健全开放程序机制。Conditional open access to public data has the value function of expanding the scope of open data and promoting the safe and rational use of data.In practice,although conditional open data is generally regarded as the legislative object and normative construction is carried out in various places,there are many problems in the process,such as mutual contradiction,ambiguity and confusion.In fact,the practice of conditional open data lags behind.In jurisprudence,conditional open data is an institutional mechanism that equally opens special types of public data to social subjects meeting established conditions based on specific procedures,which constitutes a supplement to unconditional universal open access and has legal characteristics different from authorized operation.In essence,it is an independent institutional mechanism with special public data opening and utilization function.Therefore,it is necessary to clearly define its conceptual clauses in legislation based on the legal meaning of conditional open access to public data,and carry out specific legislative design.Three types of public data with high security risks and strong timeliness,which need to be supplied in time and are not generally needed by all social subjects,are defined as conditional open categories.Open institutions set specific open conditions in terms of subject ability,open approaches and use according to the characteristics of each data set,and improve the open procedure from the aspects of application,response,relief and supervision.

关 键 词：公共数据 数据开放 大数据 电子政务 政府信息公开 数字时代 

分 类 号：D091[政治法律—政治学]