企业数字化转型与劳动力就业:创造和破坏  

Enterprise Digital Transformation and Workforce Employment:Creating and Destroying

作　　者：沈宏亮[1] 宋思萌 李杰 SHEN Hongliang;SONG Simeng;LI Jie(School of Economics,Capital University of Economics and Business,Beijing 100070,China;School of Economics,Hebei GEO University,Shijiazhuang 050031,China;College of Public Administration,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai’an 271018,China)

机构地区：[1]首都经济贸易大学经济学院,北京100070 [2]河北地质大学经济学院,河北石家庄050031 [3]山东农业大学公共管理学院,山东泰安271018

出　　处：《统计与信息论坛》2024年第11期77-91,共15页Journal of Statistics and Information

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“公平导向的差别化收入再分配机制研究”(21BJL012);北京市社会科学基金专项课题“发展数字经济、打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群研究”(21LLLJC031)。

摘　　要：实现经济高质量发展和共同富裕,需要处理好推进数字化转型和稳定就业的关系。利用2001—2022年中国A股上市公司数据,运用四维面板固定效应模型、交互项回归、分组回归、机制分析法和Bootstrap法等多种计量方法,探讨了企业数字化转型对就业的“创造性破坏”效应。结果表明:企业数字化转型的就业破坏效应相对小于就业创造效应,因而促进了企业就业增长。在经过更换核心变量、排除数字行业、考虑“人口红利”转变因素,并采用系统GMM回归法进行稳健性和内生性检验后,上述关系仍然成立。机制分析显示,数字化转型通过促进企业规模扩张和创新提高劳动需求,但引起的资本深化、劳动生产率上升导致劳动需求减少。异质性研究发现,数字化转型体现出工作任务偏向性特征,尤其在制造业和新兴行业中更为明显。具体而言,对财务、市场营销、科技人员表现出明显的就业创造效应,对蓝领员工显示出破坏效应,对管理和支持性职员的影响不确定。至于低、中、高等不同教育技能的就业,无论整体还是具体行业,数字化转型均未造成明显的“就业极化”现象。基于上述结论,应客观、全面地认识数字化转型对就业影响的双重性,提升数字化转型的规模效应、创新效应和生产率效应,同时加强劳动者的技能更新和迭代能力,协调技术迭代与劳动就业之间的关系,以促进更高质量和更充分的就业。Digital transformation may more completely disrupt the labor market by restructuring work tasks and changing the division of labor and the value structure of human capital,bringing about more intense and long-term job creation and substitution effects.Not only may it cause changes in total employment,but also the differential impact on different dimensions of employment lead to employment polarization,a decline in the share of labor income,and an increase in income inequality.Therefore,how to promote the digital transformation of enterprises and achieve fuller and higher-quality employment is one of the researching themes of China’s economic and social development.Based on the data of China’s A-share listed companies from 2001 to 2022,using a variety of econometric methods such as four-dimensional panel fixed-effect model,interaction term regression,group regression,mechanism analysis method and bootstrap method to explore the“creative destruction”effect and mechanism of enterprise digital transformation on the scale and structure of employment.The results show that the digital transformation of enterprises has significantly promoted the growth of employment scale.The decomposition of the impact effect shows that the digital transformation of enterprises has a dual impact on the scale of employment,that is,there is a phenomenon of“creative destruction”,in which the creating effect is dominant.The above relationship is still valid after replacing the core variables,excluding the digital industry,considering the transformation factors of“demographic dividend”,and using the systematic GMM regression method to test the robustness and endogeneity.Mechanism analysis shows that,the digital transformation of enterprises increases labor demand by promoting enterprise scale expansion and stimulating innovation,but also reduces labor demand due to capital deepening.Since the increase in labor productivity is not reflected in the increase of average wages,it mainly shows an employment-destroying effect.Hetero

关 键 词：企业数字化转型 就业 创造性破坏效应 任务偏向 技能偏向 

分 类 号：F249.2[经济管理—劳动经济]