南水北调中线水源区农田面源污染防治现状分析与对策建议  

Current situation and countermeasures of prevention and control of non-point source pollution from farmlands in water source areas of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project

作　　者：辛小康[1] 王超[1] 柳根 程靖华 秦赫 陈正友 肖新宗 Xin Xiaokang;Wang Chao;Liu Gen;Cheng Jinghua;Qin He;Chen Zhengyou;Xiao Xinzong

机构地区：[1]长江水利委员会长江水资源保护科学研究所,武汉430051 [2]南水北调中线水源有限责任公司,丹江口442700 [3]中国南水北调集团中线有限公司,北京100038

出　　处：《中国水利》2024年第20期81-88,共8页China Water Resources

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3205600);中国南水北调集团科研专项(NSBDZX/SH/KY/2022-001)。

摘　　要：为进一步明晰当前南水北调中线水源区污染来源,精准开展水源地水质保护,采用2017—2023年长系列水质资料,分析丹江口水库及入库河流水质特征,采用资料收集、文献调研及模型计算等方法,估算总氮、总磷污染负荷组成,采用实证分析方法分析了南水北调中线水源区面源污染治理存在的问题并提出对策建议。结果表明:丹江口水库总体水质良好,整体可达到Ⅱ类水质目标(湖库水质标准),但汛期水量较大时因总磷浓度升高会引起超标断面个数明显增加,以2021年和2023年丹江口水库实现170 m正常蓄水位的年份最为典型,而此时汉江、丹江等主要入库河流水质也下降,由以往Ⅱ类下降为Ⅲ类(河流水质标准)。无论是枯水年、丰水年,农田面源污染均已成为影响丹江口水库水质主导因素,总氮贡献率分别达到85.16%和57.73%,总磷贡献率分别达到77.74%和57.17%。当前水源区农田面源污染治理存在农田面源底数不清、农民减施化肥农药积极性不高、生态产品价值实现机制不顺等问题,迫切需要加强南水北调中线水源区农田面源污染防治。提出建立“天空地”一体化面源污染监测预警体系,研究新型高效生物农药、生物肥料,开展沟塘水系面源阻控体系建设,研究生态产品价值实现机制等对策建议。In order to further clarify the sources of pollution in water source areas of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project for water quality protection,a long series data from 2017 to 2023 was collected to access water quality of the Danjiangkou Reservoir and the incoming rivers.Methods of data collection,literature research and model calculation were adopted to estimate the composition of total nitrogen and total phosphorus pollution loads.Problems with control of non-point source pollution in water source areas of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project were examined by empirical analysis,with proposal of measures and suggestions.The results show that the water quality of the Danjiangkou Reservoir is generally good,and meets the ClassⅡwater quality(lake and reservoir water quality standard).However,during the flood season when water flow is big,the increase in total phosphorus concentration will result in a big number of the river sections that fail to meet the standard.The typical years when the Danjiangkou Reservoir achieved a normal water storage level of 170 meters were 2021 and 2023.At that time,water quality of the main inflow rivers such as Hanjiang and Danjiang was deteriorated from ClassⅡto ClassⅢ(river water quality standard).Both in dry and wet years,non-point source pollution from farmland has become the dominant factor affecting the water quality of the Danjiangkou Reservoir,with total nitrogen contribution rates of 85.16%and 57.73%,and total phosphorus contribution rates of 77.74%and 57.17%,respectively.At present,the main challenges faced by control of non-point source pollution from farmlands in the water source areas include lacking of data on non-point source,unwillingness of farmers to reduce fertilizer and pesticide utilization,and difficulties to realize the value of ecological products.Therefore prevention and control of non-point source pollution from farmlands is urgent.Measures are proposed for establishing an integrated monitoring and earl

关 键 词：南水北调中线 水源区 农田面源污染 防治对策 

分 类 号：TV697.3[水利工程—水利水电工程] X52[环境科学与工程—环境工程]