超越代表权法定限制缔约行为的法律评价  

Legal Evaluation of Contractual Actions Exceeding Statutory Limits of Representative Authority

作　　者：谢鸿飞[1] Xie Hongfei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所,北京100720

出　　处：《法学杂志》2024年第6期19-36,F0002,共19页Law Science Magazine

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“民法典实质债法规范体系研究”(项目编号:22AFX015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《合同编通则司法解释》第20条首次将法定代表人越权缔约行为区分为超越法定权限和超越意定权限,并分别赋予其不同法律效力。对超越法定权限缔约行为的评价受制于我国法定代表人制度的两个刚性约束,即严格区分代表与代理以及代表机关法定。在法网严密的现代管制社会中,评价超越法定权限缔约行为涉及两种难以调和的价值:推定知法的法治原则与信赖保护。代表权法定限制的实质是就特定事项对法人意思形成的法定程序要求,体现的是法人意思形成的程序正义,其性质为自然法规范,故推定相对人应知和要求相对人尽合理审查义务并不苛刻。此时,相对人应循法审查法人章程。合同法应承认法人意思形成过程对合同效力的影响,认定超越代表权法定限制的缔约行为为法定代表人而非法人的意思表示;法人有权选择合同对其是否成立,但不应对相对人承担赔偿责任。法定代表人不承担履行合同的义务,但应对相对人承担赔偿责任。现行法容易使法定代表人的角色从法人的意思表示机关跃升为“负责人”,突破法人治理的制衡机制,未来立法可考虑建构统一的法人意思表示制度,淡化代表和代理的差异,并建立代表人(代理人)公示登记制度。Article 20 of the Judicial Interpretation of the Contract Section of the Chinese Civil Code distinguishes between contractual actions by legal representatives that exceed statutory authority and those that exceed agreed authority for the first time, assigning different legal effects to each circumstances. The evaluation of actions exceeding statutory authority is constrained by two rigid restrictions of the legal representative system in China: the strict distinction between representation and agency, and the statutory nature of representative organs. In the tightly regulated modern society, evaluating contractual actions that exceed statutory authority involves two values which is hard to reconcile: the legal principles of presumed knowledge of the law and the protection of reliance. The essence of statutory limits on representative authority is the legal procedural requirements for the formation of a legal person's will on specific matters, reflecting procedural justice in the formation of a legal person's will, which nature is natural law norms, so it is not harsh to presume the counterparty should know that and require them to exercise reasonable due diligence. At this point, the counterparty should examine the legal person's articles of association according to law. Contract Law should recognize the impact of the legal person's will formation process on the validity of contracts, and determine that contractual actions exceeding statutory limits of representative authority are illegal expressions of will by the legal representative, instead of the legal person. The legal person has the right to choose whether the contract is established for them, but should not be liable for damages to the counterparty. The legal representative is not obligated to perform the contract but should be liable for damages to the counterparty. Current law easily allows the role of legal representatives to elevate from organs expressing the will of legal persons to “persons in charge”, breaking through the checks and balances me

关 键 词：法定代表人 表见代表 越权行为 《民法典》第61条 《民法典》第504条 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]