论正当防卫限度的合比例性解释  

On the Interpretation of Reasonableness of Self-defense under the Principle of Proportionality

作　　者：马乐 Ma Le

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院,辽宁大连116032

出　　处：《法学杂志》2024年第6期121-140,共20页Law Science Magazine

摘　　要：防卫权应当受到合比例性原则的制约,否定防卫比例性要件的必需说并不可取。“无知之幕”下的理性人会对防卫的比例性要件表示赞同,合比例性原则与公众的正义直觉相符。防卫是否合乎比例与防卫所造成的实际损害无关,所谓的“结果过当”概念不能成立。“重大损害”是限缩防卫过当处罚范围的处罚条件,它不影响防卫过当的认定。针对严重危及生命、身体健康、性自由和人身自由的侵害,致命性防卫是合乎比例的。裁判者应当采取多重标准对非致命性防卫是否合乎比例进行判断。对单纯的财产侵害和轻微人身侵害不得使用致命性武力。特殊防卫条款系注意规定,该条款提示司法机关在判断防卫是否符合必要限度时不得以结果考察替代行为考察。The right of self-defense needs to be restricted by the principles of necessity and proportionality,the rejection of proportionality should not be applauded.Self-interested rational persons behind the veil of ignorance would have consented to the requirement of proportionality in self-defense,and the principle of proportionality accords with public intuitions of justice.The consequences of self-defense are irrelevant to the proportionality of defensive forces.The concept of“excessive consequences”should be abandoned.Deadly forceis a condition to limit the scope of the punishment of excessive defense.When non-deadly defensive force is used,judges should apply variant standards of determining if the force is proportionate.It is forbidden to use deadly force in the circumstances of merely property offences and minor offences against the person.The special self-defense clause is a provision for attention,it reminds the judges that the nature of the act,rather than the consequence,is the key to the determination of proportionality.

关 键 词：合比例性 防卫过当 必需说 基本相适应说 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]