见危不救入刑问题中的划线难题及其回应——以范伯格优选方案论争为核心  

A Response to Line-drawing Problem in the Criminalization of Failure to Rescue with the Debate on Feinberg’s Preferred Proposal as the Core

作　　者：刘叶深[1] 王涛 LIU Yeshen;WANG Tao(School of Humanities and Law,North China University of Technology,Beijing 100043,China)

机构地区：[1]北方工业大学文法学院,北京100043

出　　处：《北京联合大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第6期55-65,共11页Journal of Beijing Union University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金项目“中国权利理论与实践研究”(项目编号:17FXC033)。

摘　　要：划线难题是主张见危不救应当入刑者必须回应的挑战。该难题认为无法针对存有救助道德义务且应当以刑事强制措施执行的情形划定清晰的界线。针对这一难题,乔尔·范伯格提出了优选方案,给出了较为合理的回应,他将界线划定在提供救助不存在“不合理风险、损失或不便”上,同时要求谨慎地限制刑事强制措施的使用。但他划定的该界线仍面临三个有针对性的批评,分别是针对该标准对救助风险的程度、看待风险的视角和风险的类型未作清晰的界定,导致划线难题仍未得到彻底解决。但这三个批评是可以成功回应的。在风险程度问题上,要综合平衡特定伤害结果的危害性及其发生概率来确定风险程度;在风险视角选择问题上,主观视角与客观理性人视角都是不可取的,应以采取可证立视角来判断风险;在风险类型问题上,应立基于个体视角而非社会视角判断风险大小,个体视角下个人目标的重要性存在大小之分,它与该目标中立于行动者意义上的重要性成正比。回应划线难题并非对见危不救入刑的完全证立,证立入刑还需要回应其他难题,但这是绕不过的一个问题。The line-drawing problem is a challenge that must be addressed by those who argue that failure to rescue a person in danger should be criminalized.This issue maintains that it is hard to draw a clear line for the situation that there is a moral obligation to rescue and it should be implemented by criminal law.Joel Feinberg’s preferred proposal,which sets the boundary at“unreasonable risk,loss,or inconvenience”and advocates for a cautious restriction on the use of criminal coercion,offers a reasonable response to it.However,his proposal still faces three targeted criticisms,namely that the standard does not clearly define the degree of risk,the perspective of judging risk and the type of risk,which leads to the line-draw problem not being completely resolved.Each of the three critiques can be addressed successfully.On the issue of risk degree,it is necessary to comprehensively balance the harmfulness of specific harm results and their occurrence probability to determine the risk degree.On the issue of the perspective of judging risk,it is preferable to judge the risk from a justified perspective rather than from a subjective or objective one.On the issue of the type of risk,the judgement should be based on an individual perspective rather a social perspective.The importance of a personal goal varies from individual perspective,which is directly proportional to the objective importance of the goal.Certainly,we need to respond to other problems after we have solved the line-drawing problem.

关 键 词：见危不救 划线难题 优选方案 风险 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学] B82-051[政治法律—法学]