锂离子电池低温电解液的挑战及研究进展  

Challenges and prospect of low-temperature electrolytefor lithium-ion batteries

作　　者：崔正元 谢登裕 潘美泽 曹勇 仝俊利 CUI Zhengyuan;XIE Dengyu;PAN Meize;CAO Yong;TONG Junli(China Aviation Lithium Battery(Luoyang)Co.,Ltd.,Luoyang Henan 471000,China;CALB Technology Co.,Ltd.,Changzhou Jiangsu 213251,China)

机构地区：[1]中航锂电(洛阳)有限公司,河南洛阳471000 [2]中创新航技术研究院(江苏)有限公司,江苏常州213251

出　　处：《电源技术》2024年第11期2097-2110,共14页Chinese Journal of Power Sources

摘　　要：近年来,锂离子电池(LIB)已广泛应用于便携式电子设备、电动汽车、储能领域,是目前最有前景的新能源应用技术之一。然而低温条件下,LIB仍面临循环寿命和能量/功率密度衰减过大等诸多挑战,严重限制了其在极端工况下的实际应用。其主要原因包括:Li+在电极材料中的扩散及其界面处的电荷传递和去溶剂化过程较为缓慢;电解液粘度增大,对材料和隔膜的润湿性变差;石墨负极嵌锂时容易形成锂枝晶等。基于多年来低温锂离子电池的开发经验和相关文献报道,从电解液的角度综述了提高低温锂离子电池的策略,重点介绍了低粘度、宽液程的共溶剂,高电导率、低去溶剂化能的新型锂盐以及形成薄且致密固体电解质中间相(solid electrolyte interphase,SEI)的成膜添加剂对低温性能的影响及其挑战,并对未来低温电解液的发展方向进行了展望。In recent years,lithium ion batteries(LIBs)are the state-of-the-art battery technology,which has been widely used in portable electronic devices,electric vehicles,energy storage systems.However,there are still some problems that result the decay of energy and power density of LIB under low-temperature condition,restricting its application in extreme working condition for the following reasons:the diffusion of Li+in the electrode material,the charge transfer and desolvation process at the interface are relatively slow.The increase of the viscosity of the electrolyte results in the deterioration of the wettability of the active material and separator.In addition,charging under lowtemperature may lead to the growth of lithium dendrites,which trigger internal short circuit and thermal runaway accidents in the worst case.Based on years of experience in the development of lowtemperature LIB and related literature reports,the strategies were reviewed to improve lowtemperature performance from the perspective of electrolyte,focusing on the effects of co-solvents with low viscosity and wide liquid range,new lithium salts with high conductivity and low desolvation energy,and additives to form thin and dense SEI,and their challenges on low-temperature performance.Moreover,the future development direction of low temperature LIB was prospected.

关 键 词：锂离子电池 电解液 低温共溶剂 锂盐 添加剂 

分 类 号：TM912[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]