口罩多层材料过滤施工扬尘机理的研究  

Investigating the mechanism of construction dust filtration using multilayer mask materials

作　　者：赵焕娟[1] 赵润涵 马亮[3] 庞磊 黄志安 何秋贤 ZHAO Huanjuan;ZHAO Runhan;MA Liang;PANG Lei;HUANG Zhian;HE Qiuxian(School of Civil and Resources Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China;School of Aerospace Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China;School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China)

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学土木与资源工程学院,北京100083 [2]华中科技大学航空航天学院,武汉430074 [3]华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院,武汉430074

出　　处：《安全与环境学报》2024年第11期4329-4336,共8页Journal of Safety and Environment

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3010601)。

摘　　要：尘肺病是所有职业病患者中人数最多的一种职业病,受到了国家卫生健康委员会的高度重视。作为预防尘肺病的最后一道防线,口罩的过滤机理成为研究热点。针对口罩的多层材料对施工扬尘的过滤机理,研究首先基于51单片机进行了模拟呼吸试验,并将其与建筑工人真实佩戴口罩的场景作对比,验证其可靠性。其次,利用研制的模拟呼吸装置收集了在施工扬尘环境中不同佩戴时间的一次性使用口罩。最后,使用扫描电子显微镜对收集到的口罩样本进行微观层面污染物的观察,并计算了口罩污染率。研究显示:一次性使用口罩在佩戴8 h后污染率明显上升,因此一次性使用口罩最长佩戴时间不宜超过8 h。鼻翼处内层的污染率高达0.212%,脸颊处内层的污染率高达0.216%,下颌处内层的污染率高达0.174%。在口罩同一部位,对比不同层的污染率发现,口罩内层的污染率最高,其次是口罩外层,最低的是口罩中层。口罩内层污染率最高的原因有3条:(1)模拟呼吸装置与真实人脸的边界条件差距较大,施工扬尘会从通风管和口罩接触的空隙钻进来。(2)国内的一次性使用口罩大多是参照国外设计资料生产,不符合中国人的面部特征,很多施工扬尘直接通过口罩侧边进入了口罩内部。(3)施工扬尘的粒径集中于2~4μm,在口罩外层就被拦截。研究结果对施工扬尘的环境中一次性使用口罩的多层材料选用具有参考意义。同时,研制的模拟呼吸装置为今后实验室研究尘肺病防治提供了一种新的试验手段。To understand the influence mechanism of multilayer mask materials on construction dust filtration,this paper first conducted a simulated breathing experiment using a microcontroller(51 model).The reliability of the simulation was verified by comparing it to actual mask-wearing scenarios of construction workers.Next,the simulated breathing apparatus was employed to collect disposable masks worn for varying durations in a construction dust environment.Finally,a scanning electron microscope was utilized to examine the microscopic pollutants present in the collected mask samples,enabling the calculation of their contamination rates.The findings revealed that the contamination rate of disposable masks increased significantly after 8 hours of use,indicating that the maximum wearing time for disposable masks should not exceed this duration.The contamination rates were as follows:0.212%for the inner layer at the nose,0.216%for the inner layer at the cheek,and 0.174%for the inner layer at the jaw.In comparing the contamination rates of different layers at the same location on the mask,it was found that the inner layer exhibited the highest contamination rate,followed by the outer layer,while the middle layer had the lowest.There are three reasons for the elevated pollution rate observed in the inner layer of the mask.First,the boundary conditions between the simulated breathing apparatus and an actual human face differ significantly,which allows construction dust to infiltrate through the gaps between the ventilation duct and the mask.Second,the majority of domestically produced disposable masks are designed according to foreign specifications and may not conform well to the facial features of Chinese individuals.This misalignment allows a significant amount of construction dust to bypass the edges of the mask and enter the interior.Third,the particle size of construction dust typically ranges from 2μm to 4μm,which is effectively trapped by the outer layer of the mask.

关 键 词：安全卫生工程技术 一次性使用口罩 过滤效率 施工扬尘 扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 

分 类 号：X964[环境科学与工程—安全科学]