涉外法治背景下的条约类型化分析——兼评《对外关系法》对我国条约制度的发展  

Typological Analysis of Treaties in the Context of Foreign-Related Rule of Law

作　　者：车丕照[1] CHE Pizhao

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《法治研究》2024年第6期69-79,共11页Research on Rule of Law

摘　　要：涉外法治不能不重视条约工作。国家可通过条约的制定和实施尽可能地表达自己的政治立场和法治诉求,并以此影响新型国际关系的形成;同时,国家可以在条约制定过程和条约实施及适用环节协调国内各相关国家机关的关系,最大限度地实现国家利益。对条约的研究应从基础问题着手。条约类型化分析就是这样一种工作。条约和协定的区分意在划分立法机关和行政机关的缔约权,但如果条约与协定之间的界线不够清晰,行政机关就可能蚕食立法机关的权力。公法条约与私法条约的区分可以明确每种条约的适用主体,同时也决定了条约在国内的适用方式。如果将适用界定为权利义务的评判依据的话,那么只有私法条约才可以在国内适用。在国际层面,难以划分各类条约的效力等级,但在一国之内,条约的效力等级是存在的。区分条约的效力等级不仅是解决条约冲突的必要条件,也是协调条约与国内法之间冲突的关键。当今的国家实践似乎正在推动条约经历“从契约到组织”的转变,但主权平等原则和缔约自由原则所决定的条约的属性没有任何实质性改变。Treaties are very important in the perspective of foreign-related rule of law.Through the formulation and implementation of treaties,a state may express its political stance and legal demands as much as possible,and thereby influence the forming of new pattern international relations;at the same time,a state may coordinate the relationship among relevant domestic state organs in the process of treaty formulation,implementation,and application,so as to maximize the realization of national interests.The study of treaties should start from basic issues.Typology analysis on treaties is such a work.The intention to distinct treaties from agreements is to divide the contracting power between legislative and administrative organs.If the boundary between treaties and agreements is not clear,the administrative organs may erode the power of the legislative organs.The distinction between public law treaties and private law treaties can clarify the applicable subjects of each treaty,and also determine the application mode of treaties in China.If application could be defined as the criteria to judge rights and obligations,only private law treaties can be applied domestically.At the international level,it is difficult to define the effect hierarchy of various treaties,but within a state,the effect hierarchy of treaties do exist.To define the effect hierarchy of treaties is not only necessary to resolve the conflict between treaties,but also to resolve conflicts between treaties and domestic laws.State practice today seems to be pushing treaties to undergo a transformation'from contract to organization',but the nature of treaties determined by the principles of sovereign equality and freedom of contract was not substantially changed.

关 键 词：涉外法治 条约分类 私法条约 条约适用 条约效力等级 

分 类 号：D922.13[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]