非法实物证据补救的实证分析与检视  

Empirical analysis of admissibility remedies for illegally obtained real evidence and its reflection

作　　者：杨焘 Yang Tao(School of Law,Chongqing University,Chongqin 400030)

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院,重庆400030

出　　处：《证据科学》2024年第5期529-544,共16页Evidence Science

基　　金：重庆市社会科学规划博士项目“非法实物证据排除的中国模式研究”(2023BS061)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：非法实物证据的补救突破了非有既无的传统模式,在“排除”与“采纳”的二元化样态下创设了“补救”作为第三条路径,虽然赋予非法实物证据补救机会不可避免地会对非法实物证据的排除效力具有一定程度的抵消,但却能够满足当下司法实践中定案的客观需要,在当前的司法现状之下具有必要性和正当性。通过对2010-2021年非法实物证据补救裁判文书的分析及对比,发现非法实物证据的补救在司法实践中的适用率较高,大量非法实物证据经补救而合法化,但是仍存在补救对象泛化、补救方式形式化、补救程序随意化、补救标准错位和裁判文书说理简单化等突出问题。针对这些问题,反思非法实物证据的补救方式,澄清非法实物证据的实际补救方式仅限于合理解释,并从明确合理解释的对象、增强对合理解释的法律论证、解释程序规范化、确立适当的合理解释标准和完善裁判文书说理机制等方面对合理解释之补救方式予以规范,确保非法实物证据补救在法治轨道内有序运行。Allowing for the remedy for the inadmissibility of the illegally obtained real evidence has made a breakthrough in the traditional mode of either this or that."Admissibility remedy"is a third path to the traditional dualistic pattern of"exclusion"and"adoption".Although it is inevitable that“admissibility remedy”will partially offset the exclusionary effect on the illegally obtained real evidence,it can meet the objective needs of finalizing cases in current judicial practice.It is necessary and legitimate to maintain such remedy when facing the present judicial reality.Based on the analysis and comparison of the judgments from 2010 to 2021,which contain the admissibility remedy for the illegally obtained real evidence,it is found that the admissibility remedy is widely applied in judicial practice,and a large number of illegally obtained real evidence has been legalized through such remedy.However,there are still prominent problems,including expansion of applicable objects,formalization of remedy method,arbitrariness in the remedy procedure,misalignment of remedy standard,and simple reasoning in the judicial judgment.In response to these problems,we should reflect on the remedies for illegally obtained real evidence,and clarify that the actual remedies for illegally obtained real evidence should be limited to reasonable interpretation.After all,an orderly operation of the admissibility remedy of the illegally obtained real evidence in the track of the rule of law can be ensured by clarifying the objects of reasonable interpretation,enhancing the legal argumentation of reasonable interpretation,standardizing the interpretation procedure,establishing appropriate standards for reasonable interpretation,and improving the reasoning mechanism of judicial documents.

关 键 词：非法实物证据 瑕疵证据 补救 合理解释 

分 类 号：D918.9[政治法律—法学]