洋务运动时期海、陆军近代化差异之形成及反思  

The Formation of the Difference between the Modernization of the Navy and the Army in the Period of the Westernization Movement and the Reflection on It

作　　者：尚小明[1] SHANG Xiaoming(History Department,Peking University,BeiJing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系,北京100871

出　　处：《安徽史学》2024年第6期5-13,共9页Historical Research In Anhui

摘　　要：洋务运动时期海、陆军的发展呈现明显的差异:海军抛开旧式水师,采用西洋新制,基本实现近代化;陆军则在旧式兵勇制度基础上,通过操练新式武器与阵式,正在成为近代化程度较低的“半新式”军队。两者差异的形成,除因经费制约及各自发展所遇牵绊程度不同外,还有三方面的重要因素:一是清廷鉴于两次鸦片战争以来的教训,特别是日本对中国沿海的威胁及中法战争海军战败的刺激,采取了优先发展海军的策略;二是清廷上下对自身陆军实力盲目自信,认为足可制敌;三是清廷官员关于海防的主流的认识是拒敌于海上,因此较为轻视陆军的作用。而通过了解日本的大陆政策,以及对比观察明治维新以来日本海、陆军近代化的目标,可知清廷优先发展海军的策略并没有建立在真正了解日本的基础之上。在海防立足于“守”,北洋海军又无绝对实力扼敌海上的情况下,考虑到一旦失去制海权,中日最终将决胜于陆地而非海洋,那么优先建立强大的近代化陆军尤其具有长远重要性。甲午战败后,清廷终于决定建立完全近代化的新式陆军,海军发展被置于次要位置,从而开启了洋务运动以来军事发展战略的大调整。During the Westernization Movement,the development of the navy and the army showed obvious differences:the navy abandoned traditional water force,adopted the new western naval organization,and basically realized modernization;The army,on the basis of the old soldier system,was becoming a“semi-modern”army with a lower degree of modernization by practicing new weapons and formations.In addition to the financial constraints and the different degrees of obstacles encountered in their respective development,there are three important factors in the formation of the difference between the two:First,given the lessons of the two Opium Wars,especially the Japanese threat to China’s coastal areas and the stimulus of the naval defeat in the Sino-French War,the Qing Court adopted the strategy of giving priority to the development of the navy.Second,the Qing Court had blind confidence in its army strength and thought it’s enough to stop the enemy.Third,the mainstream understanding of Qing officials regarding coastal defense was to repel enemies at sea,therefore they underestimated the role of the army.Through understanding Japan’s mainland policy and comparing the goal of modernization of the Japanese navy and army since the Meiji Restoration,we can see that the Qing Court’s strategy of prioritizing the development of the navy was not based on a real understanding of Japan.In the case that coastal defense was based on“defending”and the Beiyang Navy did not have absolute strength to contain the enemy at sea,considering that once the naval supremacy was lost,China and Japan would ultimately fight on land rather than sea,the priority of establishing a strong modern army was particularly important in the long run.After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,the Qing Court finally decided to establish a completely modernized army,and the development of the navy was placed in a secondary position,thus opening the great adjustment of the military development strategy since the Westernization movement.

关 键 词：洋务运动 海军 陆军 近代化 日本 

分 类 号：K256.1[历史地理—历史学]