近代中国博物馆的二元发展格局——以商品陈列所与博物馆(院)为中心  

The Dual Development Structure of Modern Chinese Museums:An Investigation Centered on Commercial Museums and Museums

作　　者：龙凌云 Long Lingyun

机构地区：[1]湘潭大学哲学与历史文化学院,湘潭411105

出　　处：《博物馆管理》2024年第5期67-76,共10页Museum Management

基　　金：2023年度国家社会科学基金一般项目“中国近代学校手工教育流变研究(1867-1949)”(项目批准号:23BZS120)阶段性成果;2023年度湘潭大学研究生科研创新项目“民国时期手工业展览会研究(1919-1938)”(项目批准号:XDCX2023L001)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：近代中国的博物馆本土实践,并非对海外经验的被动移植,而是建立在时代背景下的主动选择。在经济民族主义与民族文化认同的双重诉求下,早期国人的博物馆实践形成了以商品陈列所与博物馆(院)为中心的两条“主线”。商品陈列所因“实业救国”而兴,在“劝进工商”的过程中发展为专业性较强的“商业型博物馆”,并最终演进为带有强烈经济民族主义色彩的“国货陈列馆”;博物馆脱胎于清末以“教育救国”相号召的教育类博物馆,民国时发展为肩负民族主义社会教育职责的综合性博物馆,最后定位为形塑国家认同的“国家博物馆”。近代国人的博物馆概念在实践中不断发展,不同时期有其特定指向。商品陈列所的专业化发展与“博物馆”概念的广义趋向共同构成了近代中国博物馆“二元发展格局”的特殊形态。The local practice of museums in modern China is not a passive transplantation of overseas experience,but an active choice based on the background of the times.Under the dual demands of economic nationalism and national cultural identity,two main forms of early museums emerged:the so-called commercial museum and the museum.In the process of"encouraging industry to save the country",the commercial museum developed with strong professionalism,and eventually evolved into a"national goods exhibition hall"with strong economic nationalism.The museum established in response to the call for"education to save the country"at the end of the Qing dynasty developed into a comprehensive museum shouldering the responsibility of social education of nationalism in the Republic of China,and finally turned into a"national museum"shaping national identity.The concept of museum in modern China developed continuously and had its specific direction in different periods.The specialized development of commercial museums and the broad spreading of museum concept together constitute the"dual development structure"of modern Chinese museums.

关 键 词：博物馆 商品陈列所 国货陈列馆 二元格局 

分 类 号：G269.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]