环境规制是否有利于提升公共健康水平?——基于外部性视角的研究  

Do environmental regulations help promote public health?A study based on externalities

作　　者：王玉泽 罗能生[2] 石磊 WANG Yuze;LUO Nengsheng;SHI Lei(College of Economics and Management,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China;School of Economics and Trade,Hunan University,Changsha Hunan 410079,China;School of Economics and Management,Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010021,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学经济管理学院,湖北武汉430070 [2]湖南大学经济与贸易学院,湖南长沙410079 [3]内蒙古大学经济管理学院,内蒙古呼和浩特010021

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2024年第9期113-122,共10页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目“环境规制与居民健康:影响效应、空间溢出及政策优化”(批准号:72203066);国家社会科学基金重大项目“交通污染排放的社会外部性及其对公共健康的影响研究”(批准号:17ZDA081);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“空气质量、环境规制对公共健康的影响研究”(批准号:2662021JGQD008)。

摘　　要：当前严峻的空气污染问题不仅阻碍了经济社会的可持续发展,而且对公共健康产生重大威胁。更为严重的是,空气污染具有空间溢出特征,空气污染对公共健康的损害也因此具有负外部性。那么,作为污染的重要约束机制,环境规制能否改善公共健康?其健康影响是否具有正外部性?尚缺乏有力的经验证据。作者基于1998—2022年中国31个省份的面板数据,运用空间杜宾模型和两区制空间杜宾模型研究了环境规制对公共健康的影响,并分析了环境规制对健康影响的外部性。结果显示:①环境规制能够有效降低本地区的人口死亡率,改善公共健康水平,但没有呈现出明显的空间溢出效应。②环境规制主要通过降低空气污染、提升公众的污染认知水平,进而改善公共健康状况;而地区间普遍存在的环境规制逐底竞争,是制约环境规制发挥正外部性的关键因素。③进一步分析发现,孕产妇等脆弱人群对空气污染的危害更为敏感,能够从环境规制中获得更多的健康收益。④自2007年环境目标约束正式纳入各省市的官员考核指标之后,环境规制的健康改善效应逐步实现。⑤环境规制不仅降低了人口死亡率,而且降低了精神科就诊率,对公众的心理健康状态产生了积极影响。鉴于此,应加强区域间的环境规制合作,树立合作共赢的可持续发展理念;完善政绩考核指标体系,优化经济发展方式转型的顶层设计;推进环境与健康的科普宣教工作,提高全民污染认知水平与污染防护意识。该研究对于推进区域间空气污染的联防联控与公共健康水平的提升具有重要政策启示。The serious problem of air pollution is not only an obstacle to sustainable economic and social development,but also a major threat to public health.To make matters worse,air pollution has spatial spillover effects,and the health effects of air pollution therefore have negative externalities.As an important constraining mechanism for pollution,can environmental regulations improve public health?Do the health effects have positive externalities?Relevant empirical evidence is lacking.This study used panel data from 1998 to 2022,covering 31 provinces in China,and applied the spatial Durbin model and the two-regime spatial Durbin model to study the health effects of environmental regulations and analyze the associated externalities.The results indicated that:①Environmental regulations were effective in reducing mortality,but this health effect did not exhibit spatial spillovers.②Environmental regulations could enhance public health by reducing air pollution and raising public awareness of air pollution.Regional race-to-the-bottom regulations were a key constraint on the positive externalities of environmental regulation.③Further analysis showed that pregnant women were more vulnerable to air pollution and benefited more from environmental regulations.④The health effects of environmental regulations had gradually emerged since 2007,when environmental targets were formally incorporated into the assessment indicators for provincial officials.⑤Environmental regulations not only reduced mortality but also reduced psychiatric visits and had a positive impact on mental health and well-being.In view of this,interregional cooperation on environmental regulation should be strengthened,the index system for evaluating officials'performance should be improved,and the popularization of science and education on environment and health should be promoted.This study has important policy implications for promoting interregional air pollution prevention and improvements in public health.

关 键 词：环境规制 公共健康 外部性 空间溢出 

分 类 号：F205[经济管理—国民经济]