橡胶树抗逆高产品种选育与应用  

Breeding of stress-tolerant and high-yield rubber tree clones

作　　者：曾霞[1,2,5] 高新生 黄天带[1,4] 程汉[1,2,3,4] 黄华孙[1,2,3,5] ZENG Xia;GAO Xinsheng;HUANG TianDai;CHENG Han;HUANG HuaSun(National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding,Rubber Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences,Sanya/Haikou 572024/571101,China;Sanya Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences,Sanya 572024,China;Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Rubber Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences,Haikou 571101,China;Hainan Key Laboratory for Cultivation&Physiology of Tropical Crops/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation and Physiology of Tropical Crops,Rubber Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences,Haikou 571101,China;National Rubber Germplasm Repository,Danzhou,Hainan 571737,China)

机构地区：[1]热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室,中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,三亚/海口572024/571101 [2]中国热带农业科学院三亚研究院,三亚572024 [3]中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所农业农村部橡胶树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室,海口571101 [4]中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所海南省热带作物栽培生理学重点实验室—省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,海口571101 [5]国家橡胶种质资源圃,儋州571737

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2024年第10期1752-1765,共14页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(批准号:2023YFD1200204)资助。

摘　　要：天然橡胶是重要的战略资源,98%来源于橡胶树.中国植胶区位于热带北缘,植胶区域有限,而且经常受到风、寒侵袭,产业发展初期经历了很多挫折,因此抗逆高产品种选育工作非常重要和迫切.本文综述了中国在橡胶树主要性状,即产量、耐寒、抗风遗传性等方面的研究进展,并简要介绍了中国在初生代优良母树选择,以及国外优良无性系引种试种到自主培育抗逆高产新品种的工作成效:培育的新品种橡胶平均单产较未经选择实生树提升5倍以上;中国首次诱导出橡胶树花粉单倍体植株和花药体细胞胚植株并移栽成功,次生体胚发生技术实现规模化和工厂化,种苗在林相均匀度、生势和产量方面有一定程度提升,促进了橡胶树种植材料的升级,同时为砧穗一体化育种提供了基础条件.此外,中国在橡胶树基因组学研究方面也走在世界前列,目前已绘制出高精度基因组图谱,构建了高密度遗传图谱,初步建立了遗传转化和基因编辑技术,并发掘了一大批功能性基因.通过与表型关联挖掘了分子标记,为橡胶树选育种从表型选择过渡到基因组选择奠定了良好基础.当前橡胶树选育种呈现出目标多元化、技术高效化的趋势,提升选育种效率是未来的重大技术需求.中国应进一步强化种质资源的收集筛选创制、深化重要性状的遗传解析,推动育种技术手段创新,为植胶业的可持续发展和升级奠定基础.Natural rubber is one of the most important strategic resources,and 98%of it is derived from rubber trees.In China,the planting area for rubber trees is limited to the northern edge of the tropical region,which is often affected by strong wind and low-temperature conditions.In the early stages,rubber industry experiences several setbacks.Therefore,the breeding of stress-tolerant and high-yield clones of rubber trees is urgent.This article reviews the progress on the genetic research,including the yield,and cold-and windtolerance of rubber trees.It also reviews the selection of mother trees,field-trials of elite clones from abroad,and independent cultivation of new clones by Chinese scientists,which achieved a relatively 5-times greater yield than that from unselected seedlings Haploid pollen and anther somatic embryo have been successfully induced and transplanted for the first time in China;The application of secondary somatic embryogenesis in a cyclic routine on a large scale led to the production of seedlings with uniformity,higher vigor,and better yield.In addition,high-quality genome and genetic maps have been developed,and the functional genes of latex regeneration and stress tolerance have been discovered.Genetic transformation and gene-editing technologies have also been established.Through mining molecular markers associated with the phenotype,genome selection has been applied gradually.Currently,diversified breeding goals have been proposed,which makes it essential to improve breeding efficiency.Germplasm collection,deeper research regarding the inheritance of major traits,and application of biological breeding technology need to be strengthened in the future.

关 键 词：橡胶树 品种 抗逆 高产 选育 

分 类 号：S794.1[农业科学—林木遗传育种]