灌溉方式和有机肥配施对土壤氨挥发的影响机制研究  

Study on the effects of irrigation method and organic fertilizer application on the soil nitrogen transformation

作　　者：李桐 郭魏[1,3] 佘映军 崔嘉欣 游浩 李平 LI Tong;GUO Wei;SHE Yingjun;CUI Jiaxin;YOU Hao;LI Ping(Institute of Agricultural Irrigation,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Xinxiang 453002;Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081;Risk Assessment Laboratory of Water Environment Factors for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety,Ministry of Agriculture,Xinxiang 453002;College of Water Resources and Hydropower,Sichuan Agricultural University,Ya'an 625014;College of International Education,Henan Institute of Science and Technology(Sumei International College),Xinxiang 453003)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所,新乡453002 [2]中国农业科学院研究生院,北京100081 [3]农业部农产品质量安全水环境因子风险评估实验室,新乡453002 [4]四川农业大学水利水电学院,雅安625014 [5]河南科技学院国际教育学院(苏梅国际学院),新乡453003

出　　处：《环境科学学报》2024年第11期265-276,共12页Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(No.2021YFD1700900);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(No.CAAS-ASTIP)。

摘　　要：有机肥替代化学肥料是提高养分利用效率和保护生态环境的重要举措,但不同灌溉方式和有机肥替代比例对土壤养分转化影响缺乏定量研究.本文利用盆栽实验,设置2种灌溉方式(地面灌溉,SI;地表滴灌,SDI)和6个有机肥替代氮肥比例(CK:单施尿素,肥料为尿素氮100%;FC1:30%鸡粪有机肥+70%尿素;FC2:40%鸡粪有机肥+60%尿素;FC3:50%鸡粪有机肥+50%尿素;FB3:50%牛粪有机肥+50%尿素;FS3:50%羊粪有机肥+50%尿素),共计12个处理.研究了土壤氨挥发动态、硝态氮和铵态氮含量变化对不同灌溉方式和有机肥替代组合模式的响应特征,基于随机森林模型探讨了灌溉、施肥及其组合对氨排放的驱动作用.与CK相比,FC1、FC2、FC3、FB3和FS3处理下氨挥发速率峰值降低了1.04%~41.41%,尤其SDIFC1、SDIFC2、SDIFC3、SDIFB3和SDIFS3处理下氨挥发速率峰值分别降低了25.37%、28.46%、25.25%、39.03%与16.26%;与CK相比,有机肥替代尿素处理显著减少了氨挥发量,尤其是滴灌和有机肥替代尿素处理氨挥发累积通量降幅介于20.83%~41.67%之间,其中SDIFB3处理下氨挥发累积通量最小,仅为0.070 kg·hm^(-2).随着有机肥替代比例的增加,铵态氮、硝态氮含量呈先升高后降低趋势,高有机肥替代比例降低了土壤硝态氮含量与矿质氮含量.与SI相比,SDI处理提高了氮素矿化速率;对比SICK,SDIFC2、SDIFC3、SDIFB3、SDIFS3增幅分别达到6.41%、15.93%、53.81%、2.80%,SDIFB3与SDIFC3处理氮素矿化速率的增幅达到显著水平.施氮量、氮矿化率、施肥处理与灌溉方式显著影响氨挥发量;施肥后1 d 0~10 cm土层矿质氮含量对氨挥发影响最大,施氮量对氨挥发量的直接通径系数最大,为0.80.本试验条件下,滴灌与有机肥替代尿素处理显著降低了氨挥发量、促进了土壤氮素矿化,减少了土壤氮素排放损失,尤其是滴灌与50%鸡粪替代尿素处理下土壤氮素排放损失最小.Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers is an important way to improve nutrient utilization efficiency and protect the ecological environment.However,there is a lack of quantitative study on the impact of different irrigation technology and organic fertilizer substitution ratios on soil nutrient transformation.In this paper,we used a pot experiment to set up two irrigation methods(surface irrigation,SI;surface drip irrigation,SDI)and six organic fertilizer substitution ratios(CK:single application of urea;FC1:30%chicken manure organic fertilizer+70%urea;FC2:40%chicken manure organic fertilizer+60%urea;FC3:50%chicken manure organic fertilizer+50%urea;FB3:50%cow manure organic fertilizer+50%urea;FS3:50%sheep manure organic fertilizer+50%urea),a total of 12 treatments.The response characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization dynamics,changes in nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content to different combinations of irrigation method and organic fertilizer substitution ratio were studied.Based on a random forest model,the driving factors of irrigation,fertilization,and their combinations on ammonia emissions were explored.Compared with CK,the peak ammonia volatilization rate under FC1,FC2,FC3,FB3 and FS3 treatments was decreased by 1.04%to 41.41%.Especially under SDIFC1,SDIFC2,SDIFC3,SDIFB3,and SDIFS3 treatments,the peak ammonia volatilization rate was decreased by 25.37%,28.46%,25.25%,39.03%and 16.26%,respectively.Compared with CK,the organic fertilizer replacing urea treatment significantly reduced ammonia volatilization.When it is combined with drip irrigation technology,the decrease in ammonia volatilization cumulative flux ranged from 20.83%to 41.67%.Among them,the ammonia volatilization cumulative flux under SDIFB3 treatment was the smallest,only 0.070 kg·hm^(-2).As the ratios of organic fertilizer substitution increases,the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.A high ratio of organic fertilizer substitution reduced the c

关 键 词：氨排放 滴灌 有机肥 矿质氮 通径分析 

分 类 号：S275[农业科学—农业水土工程] S153[农业科学—农业工程]