关系恶化与形象逆转:明中后期佛郎机负面形象的多重建构  

Relationship Deterioration and Image Reversal:Multiple Constructions of Negative Images of Frank in the Late Ming Dynasty

作　　者：庞乃明[1] 李响 PANG Naiming;LI Xiang

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院,天津300350

出　　处：《原生态民族文化学刊》2024年第6期55-67,154,共14页Journal of Ethnic Culture

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“认知与应对:明人欧洲观与晚明对欧方略研究”(18BZS068)。

摘　　要：佛郎机是新航路开辟后明代中国对葡萄牙和西班牙的称谓,因为关系恶化,明代中国人心目中的佛郎机形象极具负面色彩。这一负面形象的建构成型大体经历四个阶段。葡萄牙人在广东沿海的蛮横举动和不法行为是促成其负面形象初步生成的根本原因;葡萄牙人北上闽浙,以及他们与倭寇、海盗的合流,使得佛郎机之负面形象得以延续;葡萄牙人在中国澳门的无序扩张及其对中国国家安全的冲击挑战,让澳夷佛郎机的负面形象日益固化;西班牙人对旅菲华人的奴役、迫害与大规模屠杀,为闽南士民丑诋佛郎机的形塑运动再添动力,吕宋佛郎机形象与葡萄牙人形象相互叠加,最终整合成明代负面佛郎机形象。佛郎机负面形象的生成与延续,是明代中葡、中西关系负向互动的产物,并对双边关系的发展演变造成负面影响。Frank(佛郎机)was the name given to Portugal and Spain in Ming China after the discovery of the New Voyages.Because of the deterioration of relations,the image of Frank in the minds of the Ming Chinese was very negative.This negative image was constructed in four stages.The barbaric and illegal behaviour of the Portuguese along the coast of Guangdong(广东)was the root cause of the initial creation of the negative image.The northward movement of the Portuguese to Fujian(福建)and Zhejiang(浙江)and their co-operation with the Japanese pirates perpetuated the negative image of Frank.The disorderly expansion of the Portuguese in Macao China and their challenge to China's national security gradually solidified Frank's negative image;the enslavement,persecution and mass killings of Filipino-Chinese by the Spaniards added new impetus to the campaign of vilification of Frank by the officials and people of Fujian,and the image of Filipino-Frank and the image of the Portuguese superimposed on each other,eventually integrating into a negative image of Frank in the Ming Dynasty.The generation and continuation of the negative image of Frank is a negative product of the interaction between China and Portugal during the Ming Dynasty,and has a negative impact on the development and evolution of bilateral relations.

关 键 词：佛郎机 葡萄牙 西班牙 明中后期 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]