价值不可通约性与理由冲突型疑难案件的应对  

Value Incommensurability and the Handling of Hard Cases with Substantive Disputes

作　　者：陆幸福[1] 刘纪伟 Lu Xingfu;Liu Jiwei(School of Administrative Law,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学行政法学院,重庆401120

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第10期97-109,共13页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金西部项目(20XFX001)。

摘　　要：价值不可通约性有狭义和广义之分,有实质性争议的疑难案件与艰难选择这一价值不可通约性的广义用法相关。艰难选择的艰难性表现为价值多维度比较导致的理由用尽,相应的疑难案件因为实质性争议的存在,不能通过抛硬币解决,决策者要在承认两个选项都对的情况下作出选择。疑难案件可以分为三种:审慎价值间冲突导致的疑难案件、道德冲突导致的疑难案件、道德与审慎不可通约导致的疑难案件,其中与道德相关的后两类案件在理论上更为重要。在处理疑难案件时,案例一致性方法应作为区分表面争议和实质争议、展现价值冲突的核心方法;决策时应尽量用折中策略保证公平性,必要时可用规避未来冲突等策略为倾向性的选择提供支持。Value incommensurability originally meant that different values cannot be placed on the same cardinal scale,and later it was generally referred to as non-conventional comparative relations,including the narrow sense of incommensurability,hard choices,strong value superiority,weak value superiority and pluralism of irreducible value.Hard cases with substantive disputes are related to a broad usage of value incommensurability called hard choices.In order to correctly understand them and provide standardized suggestions for the settlement of corresponding hard cases,it is necessary to further clarify the related concepts of incommensurability,the classification of hard cases and how to respond to hard cases by reasoning.The hardship of hard choices manifests itself in the depletion of reasons as caused by the multi-dimensional comparison of values,for which there are three explanations:semantic indeterminacy,metaphysical indeterminacy and uncertainty.The explanations of indeterminacy deny that there is a uniquely right answer for hard cases.In contrast,the explanation of uncertainty argues the uniquely right answer exists but people may not find it or mistake it due to ignorance.From the point of view of rationality,it is correct to deny it.Because of the existence of substantive disputes,the corresponding hard cases cannot be solved by flipping a coin.Policymakers have to make a choice in recognition of the fact that both options are right.The classification of hard cases with substantive disputes is based on the classification of hard choices,which is related to the pluralism about value properties.The three most important values related to practical reason are moral,prudent and aesthetic.Hard cases mainly involve moral and prudent.Therefore,hard cases can be divided into hard cases caused by prudent conflicts,hard cases caused by moral conflicts and hard cases caused by the incommensurability between moral and prudent.The latter two kinds of cases related to moral value are more important in theory.Hard cases wit

关 键 词：疑难案件 不可通约性 不确定性 不能确定 案例一致性 

分 类 号：D90-052[政治法律—法学理论] D916[政治法律—法学]