基于蒸发皿蒸发量的设施番茄灌溉优化研究  

Optimization study of greenhouse tomato irrigation based on pan evaporation

作　　者：渠丽娜 郭文忠 孙维拓 高轶楠 王利春[1] 梁新书[3] 黄媛[4] 李友丽 Qu Li'na;Guo Wenzhong;Sun Weituo;Gao Yinan;Wang Lichun;Liang Xinshu;Huang Yuan;Li Youli(Intelligent Equipment Technology Research Center,Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Beijing 100097,China;College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture,Tianjin Agricultural University,Tianjin 300384,China;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Tianjin Academy of Agriculture Sciences,Tianjin 300192,China;Shijiazhuang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Shijiazhuang 050041,China)

机构地区：[1]北京市农林科学院智能装备技术研究中心,北京100097 [2]天津农学院园艺园林学院,天津300384 [3]天津市农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,天津300192 [4]石家庄市农林科学研究院,河北石家庄050041

出　　处：《山西农业大学学报（自然科学版）》2024年第6期87-98,共12页Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：石家庄市科技计划项目(221490072A);河北省重点研发计划项目城郊设施蔬菜节水增效技术集成与示范(21326904D);宁夏农林科学院对外科技合作专项(DW-X-2023001);农业物联网技术北京市工程实验室(PT2023-29)。

摘　　要：[目的]针对日光温室番茄栽培的高效节水灌溉需求,进行基于蒸发皿水面蒸发量(E_(p))的日光温室番茄灌溉量优化研究。[方法]根据直径为20 cm的标准蒸发皿水面蒸发量(E_(p))设置3个灌溉量处理:1.0 E_(p)(CK)、0.8 E_(p)(T1)、0.6 E_(p)(T2),通过深入探讨番茄根系主要分布土壤层(0~40 cm)土壤含水量响应特征,结合对植株生长指标、果实产量和灌溉水利用效率的分析,进一步优化日光温室番茄栽培的灌溉量。[结果]灌溉量处理影响了土壤含水量的时空分布特征。CK、T1和T2处理0~40 cm土壤层平均土壤含水量为田间持水量的77.7%~103.4%、65.4%~98.9%、60.9%~91.1%,灌溉量越高土壤含水量越高;3个处理平均土壤含水量呈逐渐下降的趋势,且T1、T2处理下降幅度大于CK。随生育期推进,CK各土壤层土壤含水量的差异增加,T1和T2处理呈相反变化趋势。CK和T1处理0~10 cm土壤层土壤含水量波动幅度最大,T2处理为10~20 cm土壤层;整体上看,T1和T2处理处理各土壤层的土壤含水量波动幅度大于CK,但是转色期后T1处理30~40 cm和T2处理20~40 cm土壤层土壤含水变化不明显。番茄株高、茎粗、叶面积及地下、地上部鲜干重在不同处理之间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。与CK相比,T1和T2处理单果重和总产量分别降低了3.41%、4.07%和3.25%、3.97%,但番茄总产量的差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。3个处理灌溉水利用效率分别为30.1 kg·m^(-3)、35.1 kg·m^(-3)和43.9 kg·m^(-3),T1和T2处理相比CK分别提高了16.77%和46.15%。[结论]灌溉量为0.6 E_(p)的T2处理,0~40 cm土壤层平均土壤含水量维持在田间持水量60%以上,植株生长和果实总产量未受影响,灌溉水利用效率明显高于其它2个处理。因此,认为水面蒸发皿灌溉系数Kp0.6时为日光温室番茄提供了适宜灌溉量,有利于实现日光温室番茄节水高效栽培。[Objective]In order to meet the high-efficiency water-saving irrigation needs for greenhouse tomato cultivation,this study focused on optimizing irrigation amount for greenhouse tomatoes based on pan surface evaporation(E_(p)).[Methods]Using a standard evaporation pan with a diameter of 20 cm,three irrigation treatments were established:1.0 E_(p)(CK),0.8 E_(p)(T1),and 0.6 E_(p)(T2).The study explored the soil moisture response in the primary root zone(0~40 cm),and analyzed plant growth indicators,fruit yield,and irrigation water use efficiency to further refine irrigation amount.[Results]The irrigation amount affected the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture.The average soil moisture in the 0~40 cm layer for CK,T1,and T2 treatments ranged from 77.7%to 103.4%,65.4%to 98.9%,and 60.9%to 91.1%of the field water holding capacity,respectively with higher irrigation amounts resulting in higher soil moisture.All treatments showed a gradual decline in soil moisture over time,with T1 and T2 treatments decreasing more than CK.As the growth season progressed,the differences in soil moisture among different soil layers increased for CK,while the trends reversed for T1 and T2.In CK and T1,the soil moisture fluctuations were greatest in the 0~10 cm soil layer,while in T2,the fluctuation peaked in the 10~20 cm soil layer.Overall,the soil moisture variation was greater for T1 and T2 than CK,but post-ripening,the soil moisture at the 30~40 cm soil layer in T1 and the 20~40 cm soil layer in T2 showed minimal changes.There were no significant differences among treatments in tomato plant height,stem thickness,leaf area,and fresh/dry weights of both underground and overground parts.Compared to CK,the single fruit weight and total yield decreased by 3.41%and 4.07%for T1,and by 3.25%and 3.97%for T2,but these differences were not statistically significant(P<0.05).The irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)for CK,T1,and T2 was 30.1 kg·m^(-3),35.1 kg·m^(-3),and 43.9 kg·m^(-3),respectively,with T1 and T2 improving IWUE by 16.

关 键 词：灌溉制度 标准蒸发皿 灌溉系数 土壤含水量 灌溉水利用效率 

分 类 号：S641.2[农业科学—蔬菜学]