失落的“兀单”与传世的“卜古”——回鹘王族起源传说中的二元因素钩沉  

The Lost"Udan"and the Preserved"Boquq"':Exploring the Dual Elements in the Legend of the Origin of Old Uighur Royal Clan

作　　者：付马 Fu Ma

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国古代史研究中心暨历史学系,北京市100871

出　　处：《民族研究》2024年第5期88-98,M0005,共12页Ethno-National Studies

基　　金：2022年度教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“敦煌吐鲁番文书所记丝绸之路史料的辑录与研究”(项目批准号:22JJD770008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：蒙元时代以汉文、波斯文书写的多种文献记有内容相近的回鹘王族始祖树生传说,记其名作“卜古”;唯独“世勋碑”残碑汉文部分记作“兀单卜古”,多出“兀单”二字。在残碑回文部分新读出一词“udan”,正可勘同“兀单”,说明回人历史记忆中的王族始祖含有“卜古”“兀单”二元因素。考索其他回文献可知,“兀单”实为回鹘西迁高昌后的开国始祖,反映了西州回以佛教和高昌为本位构建的历史记忆。回在改宗佛教后,还将漠北时代的卜古可汗树生传说进行佛教化的改造。进入蒙古汗国后,为了增强与统治族群的联系,回鹘人对外表述历史记忆时刻意隐没高昌本位的兀单可汗传说,突出漠北时代的卜古可汗传说,并将其内容做了贴近蒙古统治者的改造。Most literature from the Mongol-Yuan era written in Chinese and Persian record the name of the tree born ancestor of the Uighur royal family as"Bu gu"(boquq).However,the Chinese text of"the Inscription for Uighur Iduqquts"includes an additional term,"Wu dan".A previously misread word in the Old Uighur portion of the inscription can be corrected to""udan",which can be identified with"Wu dan"in the Chinese text,thereby confirming the existence of dual elements("Bu gu"and"Wu dan")in the legends regarding the origin of the Old Uighur people.A survey of other Old Uighur literature reveals that"Wu dan"actually refers to the founding khan of the Uighurs after their migration to Turfan,which reflects the historical memory constructed by the West Uighurs based on Buddhism and Gaochang.After converting to Buddhism,the Uighurs also adopted the treeborn legend of Bu gu khan,incorporating Buddhist elements.To strengthen their connection with the ruling Mongols,the Uighurs deliberately obscured the legend of Wu dan Khan while emphasizing the legend of Bugu Khan.

关 键 词：回鹘 卜古可汗 兀单 “世勋碑” 历史记忆 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]