满洲多长军事民主制遗俗的消亡  

On the Extinction of Ethnic Customs in the Manchurian Poly-Chieftain Military Democracy System

作　　者：李文益 Li Wenyi

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《中国社会科学院大学学报》2024年第8期91-120,159,共31页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金冷门绝学项目“康熙朝内务府满文档案的整理、翻译与研究”(19VJX018);国家社会科学基金重大项目“清代宫藏民族交往交流交融文物与史料整理研究”(22&ZD230)的阶段性成果;首都师范大学青年科研扶持项目支持。

摘　　要：多长制既是女真重要的部落权力分配法则,也是军事民主制的重要内容。它以两长制为主要形式,历经数百年广泛实施,行久成俗。努尔哈赤在起兵后,遵从族俗建立两长制。随着部落发展,两长制的分权弊端和分离意识日益凸显。努尔哈赤虽囚禁其弟,废止两长制,但传统习惯的影响依然根深蒂固。此后,努尔哈赤试图对两长制加以改造,先后尝试建立两子、嗣汗与三大贝勒、嗣汗与七王之多长制,以期维持旧俗。在努尔哈赤去世后,形成皇太极与三大贝勒联合统治之制,多长制得以重建。天聪年间,皇太极打击三大贝勒,多长制再被废止。俟皇太极去世,多尔衮欲恢复两长制“家法”。然而,在汉人君权观影响下,重建多长制的根基已然不存,注定归于失败。在多尔衮死后,随着君主专制制度的不断完善、努尔哈赤子侄辈的相继谢世,多长制遗俗彻底消亡,君主专制真正来临,其显著标志是,在顺治八年以后,满文档案中指代福临的“han”逐渐被“hūwangdi”取代。The poly-chieftain system was a crucial power distribution system of the Jurchen people and an important element of military democracy.Primarily structured as a two-chieftain system,it evolved into a longstanding tradition over centuries of practice.After Nurhaci established the Manchu tribes,he also established the two-chieftain system.With the development of the tribes,the disadvantages of the decentralized power of the system became apparent,and the sense of separation began to emerge.Consequently,Nurhaci imprisoned his brother,thereby ending the two-chieftain system.However,the influence of traditional customs still existed.Later,Nurhaci tried to reform the two-chieftain system,hoping to continue to maintain the original customs.Following Nurhaci's death,Huangtaiji and the Three Great Beile jointly ruled,reinstating the polychieftain system.Subsequently,during the Tiancong period,Huangtaiji suppressed the Great Three Beile,and the poly-chieftain system was terminated again.After the death of Huangtaiji,Dorgon endeavored to restore the traditional customs.However,under the influence of the Han people's concept of monarchy,the foundation for rebuilding the poly-chieftain system no longer existed,so his plan failed.After Dorgon died,with the continuous improvement of the monarchy system and the death of Nurhaci's children and nephews one after another,the customs of the poly-chieftain system finally disappeared completely.The remarkable sign was that after eight years of Shunzhi's reign,the appellation of“han”in the Manchu archives was gradually replaced by“hūwangdi”.

关 键 词：女真 满洲 多长制 族俗 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]