空间原型与本土营造——西安高陵通远坊天主堂育婴堂研究  

Spatial Prototype and Indigenous Construction—A Study of the Orphanage in Xi'an Gaoling Tongyuan Fang Catholic Church

作　　者：岳岩敏 李语桐 林源[1] YUE Yanmin;LI Yutong;LIN Yuan

机构地区：[1]西安建筑科技大学建筑学院

出　　处：《城市环境设计》2024年第5期771-776,共6页Urban Environment Design

基　　金：西安建筑科技大学自然科学专项“陕西近代教堂建筑遗产信息记录方法与保护再利用研究”(批准号:ZR18004);西安建筑科技大学青年科技基金“匠作视野下的关中地区近代基督教教会建筑样式特征与营造技艺研究”(批准号:QN1706)。

摘　　要：西安高陵通远坊天主堂始建于18世纪初,时为西北地区天主教教务中心,是基督教文化在陕传播的典型案例。育婴堂作为通远坊天主堂建筑群的重要组成部分和传教机构,因功能更迭、火灾等,其历史面貌尽失。本文旨在通过历史文献、图像与现状勘察对比分析,运用建筑考古学、建筑类型学以及图像学的研究方法,探究其历史面貌、空间原型与营造做法。本文研究发现通远坊育婴堂平面为西方修道院理想模式——底层开敞的连续券廊式的回字形空间原型,其营造采用三心券、隔墙土坏砖、空斗砖等传统地域做法,体现了其本土营造智慧和独特价值。The Tongyuan Fang Catholic Church in Gaoling District,Xi'an was founded in the early eighteenth century.As the central institute of Catholicism in northwest China,this specific church acts as a representative example showcasing the spread of Christian culture in Shaanxi province.As a critical section of the Tongyuan Fang Catholic church,the Yuying Tang(the orphanage)played a significant role in the church's missionary work.Nevertheless,due to functional transformations and confagration,the orphanage experienced severe damage,losing its initial appearance.In this regard,this article aims to restore the orphanage's original visage via a comparative analysis of historical pictures and existing architectural sites.By employing transdisciplinary methodologies ranging from archival research,fieldwork,architectural archaeology,typology,and iconography,this article offers a detailed analysis of the orphanage's spatial prototype,constructive tactics and historical trajectory.The findings of this article suggest that the plan of the orphanage in Tongyuan Fang Catholic church echoes the ideal model of European Catholic churchesan elevated homocentric square space enclosed by continuous arcades.Meanwhile,the orphanage was erected by regional tactics exemplified by three-centred arches,rammed-earth bricks,and cavity brick walls,demonstrating the local tectonic wisdom and distinct historical value inscribed in the orphanage.

关 键 词：西安高陵通远坊天主堂 近代教堂建筑 育婴堂 空间原型 本土营造 

分 类 号：TU986.4[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]