植物氮代谢与氮素利用遗传基础研究进展  

Research Progress on Nitrogen Metabolism and Genetic Basis of Nitrogen Utilization in Plant

作　　者：胡书婷 王青 HU Shuting;WANG Qing(Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;Yazhouwan National Laboratory,Sanya 572024,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所,北京100101 [2]崖州湾国家实验室,海南三亚572024

出　　处：《山西农业科学》2024年第6期1-11,共11页Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32372130);国家自然科学青年基金(32401858)。

摘　　要：植物养分高效利用的分子调控机理是植物科学中重大的基础科学问题,同时也是保障国家粮食安全和生态安全的重要基础。氮元素作为植物生长发育所必需的一类大量营养元素,是影响作物生长和产量的关键因素。工业革命后,伴随氮肥在农业生产中的规模化使用,全球粮食产量逐年稳步提升,但同时造成土壤酸化板结、水体富营养化、空气污染等系列生态安全问题。近些年,聚焦植物氮素利用效率调控机制或氮高效育种的理论研究与应用研究逐渐成为国内外科学家的研究热点。植物氮素利用效率是受多种遗传和环境因素互作调控的复杂性状,涉及到氮素的吸收、转运、同化、再利用等多个代谢过程。文章综述了调控植物氮素吸收与转运、氮素同化、氮素再分配或再利用的关键因子及其分子网络,重点总结近些年我国植物科学家在解析作物氮素利用效率遗传基础上取得的重要进展,探讨植物氮素利用效率调控基因在水稻、小麦、玉米等主粮作物氮高效与高产协同育种中的应用潜力。最后,展望了未来作物高产高效育种设计策略,强调遗传资源在氮素利用效率改良中的必要性。Molecular regulatory mechanism underlying efficient nutrient utilization in plants is an important subject for theoretical research in plant science,and is also an important foundation to ensure national food security and ecological security.Nitrogen,acting as an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development,is a key factor determining crop growth and production.Along with occurrence of the first Industrial Revolution,a large-scale application of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural activities led to a gradually and steadily increasement of crop yield on a global scale,while posed a serious threat to ecosystem security,such as soil acidification and compaction,anthropogenic eutrophication,and air pollution,etc.Recently,both the theoretical research and applied research focusing on the molecular mechanism of plant nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)or crop NUE improvement during breeding program become hot research topics for scientists around the world.Plant NUE is a complex trait modulated by interactions of various genetic and environmental factors,involving in multiple metabolic processes including uptake,transport,assimilation,and reutilization or remobilization of nitrogen.In this review,the key components and the molecular networks controlling nitrogen uptake and transport,nitrogen assimilation,nitrogen remobilization or reutilization were introduced,recent progresses in elucidating the genetic basis of crop NUE mainly made by Chinese scientists were summarized,and furthermore,the application potential of NUE genes in the program of high-NUE and high-yield synergistic improvement in staple food of rice,wheat,and maize was explored.Finally,strategies for breeding high-yield and high-efficiency cultivars in future were proposed,and the necessity of genetic resources in crop NUE improvement was emphasized.

关 键 词：氮 氮代谢 氮素利用效率 遗传基础 产量 作物 

分 类 号：Q945.1[生物学—植物学]