“哲学转向科学”:马克思学说性质问题再探讨  

Philosophical Shift to Science:A Re-discussion on the Nature of Marxist Theory

作　　者：崔昆 韩汶轩 CUI Kun;HAN Wen-xuan

机构地区：[1]河北经贸大学马克思主义学院 [2]河北省高校人文社科重点研究基地“伦理与社会治理研究中心” [3]首都师范大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《河北学刊》2024年第6期88-94,共7页Hebei Academic Journal

基　　金：2019年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“人道主义根源性问题研究”(19YJC720005);2024年度河北经贸大学科学研究与发展计划重点项目“马克思学说性质的‘哲学转向科学’问题研究”(2024ZD09)。

摘　　要：马克思是从对哲学的批判走向对自身学说的科学定位的,但后世始终对此存有一定争议。科学是以客观经验存在为对象产出的“描述、知识”,哲学则是以人的思想为对象产出的“理解、构想”。以此为标准,结合马克思对自身研究对象与方式的表述,可知其总体学术追求是科学而非哲学。至于被认为最具哲学色彩的实践唯物主义,其本质是将主客观关系纳入一个更大的客观框架的客观辩证法,这是对哲学基本问题的科学解。而某些无法进行科学解答的哲学内容,则以本体论承诺的形式潜藏于其学说之中,故马克思学说总体上是科学。此定位面临的最大拷问依然是主客观关系问题。这本质上是一个从理论客观(主观被纳入客观)到实践主观(超脱客观的主观,无法理论化)的过程:理论同时包含事实与价值,是抽象性、客观性、必然性的,其在实践中面临向具体性、主观性、自由性的转化。这有助于把握马克思学说的总体本质:一种从客观性出发的理性历史观。Marx went from criticizing philosophy to scientifically positioning himself,but this has always been controversial in later generations.According to the definition of philosophy and science,combined with Marx’s exposition of his research objects and methods,it can be seen that his overall academic pursuit is science rather than philosophy.As for practical materialism,which is considered the most philosophical,its essence is to incorporate subjective and objective relationships into a larger objective framework of objective dialectics,which is a scientific solution to fundamental philosophical problems.And those philosophical contents that cannot be scientifically understood are hidden in their science in the form of ontological promises.Therefore,Marxist theory is generally scientific.The biggest challenge faced by this positioning remains the issue of subjective and objective relationships.This is essentially a process from theoretical objectivity(subjectively incorporated into objectivity)to practical subjectivity(beyond objective subjectivity and unable to be theorized):theory contains both facts and values,and as an abstract objective necessity,practice faces a transformation towards concrete subjective freedom.This helps to grasp the overall essence of Marx:a rational historical perspective based on objectivity.

关 键 词：马克思 哲学与科学 辩证法 实践唯物主义 

分 类 号：B01[哲学宗教—哲学理论]