论违约获益剥夺的中国法路径  

On the Chinese Law Path of Disgorgement for Breach of Contract

作　　者：李昊 翟旭峰 

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学 [2]泰和泰(北京)律师事务所 [3]北京航空航天大学

出　　处：《清华法律评论》2023年第2期40-71,共32页Tsinghua Law Review

摘　　要：在违约行为并未给守约方造成损失,而违约方却因此获益的情形下,包括损害赔偿在内的传统违约救济无法充分维护守约方合同权利。以英国布雷克案为标志,英美法确立了违约获益剥夺制度,并经过学界的讨论趋于完善,美国《返还与不当得利法第三次重述》第39条已将此制度体系化。违约获益剥夺并非一种补偿性救济,其意在剥夺违约方获益而非补偿守约方损失,体现了威慑性和惩罚性。我国司法实践同样面临在特定情形下无法为守约方提供充足救济的难题,有必要借鉴英美法的经验在我国合同法中引入违约获益剥夺制度。违约获益剥夺在性质上属于一种独立的违约救济,在《民法典》生效施行的背景下,需在解释论上确定违约获益剥夺的规范基础,对此较为稳妥的方案是将违约方获益作为认定守约方损失的标准,进而借助违约损害赔偿规则(《民法典》第584条)实现违约获益剥夺的法律效果。《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉合同编通则若干问题的解释》第62条即采取了此种规制思路。违约获益剥夺的证明责任由守约方承担。违约获益剥夺与继续履行、损害赔偿无法同时适用;在违约获益剥夺情形中,即使违约方举证证明守约方不存在损失,亦无法排除赔偿性违约金的适用,因为守约方可以主张以违约方获益计算守约方损失,并且在违约金的司法酌增/酌减时,违约金数额的对比对象也不再是守约方损失,而是违约方获益;减价可适用于部分违约获益剥夺情形,但是面临价额无法精确计算的难题。违约获益剥夺可适用部分违约损害赔偿限制规则,如减损规则和损益相抵规则。满足违约获益剥夺的情形往往符合法定解除权的行使要件,合同解除并不影响违约获益剥夺的责任承担。In the situation where the breach of contract does not cause loss to the promisee,but the promisor benefits from it,the traditional remedies for breach of contract,including damages,cannot adequately safeguard the contractual rights of the promisee.With the Attorney General v.Blake as a symbol,the common law established the rule of disgorgement for breach of contract,and it tends to be improved after academic discussion.The United States Restatement(Third)of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment§39(2011)sets forth this rule more systematically.Disgorgement for breach of contract is not a kind of compensatory remedy,which is intended to disgorge the benefit of promisor rather than compensate the loss of the promisee,reflecting the deterrent and retributive nature.Chinas civil judicial practice also faces the problem of not being able to provide sufficient remedies for the promisee under certain circumstances,so it is necessary to draw on the experience of the common law to introduce the rule of disgorgement for breach of contract in Chinas contract law.In the context of the entry into force of the Chinese Civil Code,it is necessary to determine the normative basis of the disgorgement for breach of contract in terms of interpretation,a safer solution is to use the benefit of the promisor as a criterion for determining the loss of the promisee,and then to achieve the goal of disgorgement for breach of contract through the rule of damages(Article 584 of the Chinese Civil Code).Article 62 of the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract Compilation of the Chinese Civil Code adopts such a regulatory approach.The burden of proof for disgorgement for breach of contract is on the promisor.Disgorgement for breach of contract cannot be applied simultaneously with specific performance and damages.In the case of disgorgement for breach of contract,even if the promisor proves that there is no loss to the promisee,the application of agreed payment for breach of contract cannot be excluded,because the promisee can claim

关 键 词：违约获益剥夺 损害赔偿 继续履行 违约金 合同解除 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]