从分治到分裂:史学视域中公元395年罗马帝国分国事件析论  

From Partition to Split:The Division of the Roman Empire in 395 A.D.from a Historiographical Perspective

作　　者：刘林海[1] LIU Linhai(School of History,BNU,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第6期113-121,共9页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“古代基督教神学与基督教史学的建构研究”(18BSS022)。

摘　　要：罗马帝国在395年永久分裂为东西两个帝国是现代社会的一个常识。不过,这个常识与当时的认识根本不同。无论是当时帝国史家的记载,还是制度和观念层面,都不存在帝国的分裂问题,而只是行政管理上的分治,帝国仍然是一个整体。这种主动分治的观点在后来的史籍中得以延续。18世纪后期,在启蒙运动对罗马帝国命运普遍关注的热潮中,爱德华·吉本开始将分治解读为分裂。他开创的民族国家解读模式被乔治·芬利最终完成,罗马的历史也转换成希腊人反抗奴役、争取民族独立的斗争,分国事件也由主动分治变为两个民族乃至国家对立的被动分裂。19世纪后期,分裂说通过学术研究和教育等逐渐普及开来,作为常识被接受,成为历史研究和教科书的一般表述,至今未变。对史家而言,无论帝国是分治还是分裂,都受到他们所处时代及观念的影响,也都有其可取之处。It is a common sense in modern society that the Roman Empire was permanently divided or split into the Eastern and Western Empires in 395.However,this common sense is fundamentally different from people's understanding at that time.Whether in the records of the imperial historians or in terms of institution and ideology at that time,there existed no split of the empire at all.It was only a division in administration,and the unity of the empire remained.This active division interpretation was continued in later historical records.In the late 18th century,during the Enlightenment's general concern about the fate of the Roman Empire,Edward Gibbon began to interpret the division as a split or separation.The nation-state interpretation model he pioneered was finally completed by George Finley,and the history of Rome was also transformed into the struggle of the Greeks against foreign slavery and for national independence.The division of 395 A.D.also changed from active partition to passive split of two nations or even countries in opposition.In the late 19th century,the split theory gradually became popular through academic research and education,and was accepted as a common sense,becoming a general expression in historical research and textbooks,and has not changed to this day.For historians,whether the empire is divided or split,they are all influenced by the time and ideas in which they live,and all have merits of their own.

关 键 词：395年 罗马分国 分治:分裂 

分 类 号：K105[历史地理—历史学]