国际海洋法法庭关于气候变化问题的咨询管辖权限  

Advisory Jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea on Climate Change Issues

作　　者：沈超 Shen Chao

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2024年第6期126-148,共23页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：“国家社会科学基金资助课题”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：国际海洋法法庭全庭咨询管辖条文安排的特殊性在于,唯一明确规定全庭咨询管辖权的规范载于《法庭规则》而非基本文件,这根本反映了缔约国同意和法庭权力之间的紧张关系。法庭的咨询管辖权限实质上取决于对《法庭规则》第138条的解释。区别于条约解释,《法庭规则》的解释应以事实权力和法律权力二分为原则,既要遵守《公约》《规约》和外部国际协定的赋权限制,又要遵循法庭职能限制。《法庭规则》第138条包含实质性判断咨询管辖权限之规范性要件,即国际协定与《公约》宗旨的相关性、“任何机构”的范围、“法律问题”的范围以及拒绝发表咨询意见的裁量标准。为抑制气候变化咨询案的溢出效应,对《法庭规则》第138条实质性要件的解释应当符合源自外部赋权和内部职能的双重解释限制。The particularity of the arrangement of the advisory jurisdiction provisions of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea is that the only norm explicitly establishing the advisory jurisdiction of the Tribunal is contained in the Rules of the Tribunal rather than in the constitutive treaties,which fundamentally reflects the tension between the consent of States Parties and the power of the Tribunal.The advisory jurisdiction of the Tribunal essentially depends on the interpretation of Article 138 of the Rules of the Tribunal.Different from treaty interpretation,the interpretation of the Rules of the Tribunal should abide by the principle of distinguishing factual power from legal power,complying with the limitations of the Convention,the Statute and external international agreements,as well as the limitations of the functions of the tribunal.Article 138 of the Rules of the Tribunal contains the normative elements for substantive judgment of advisory jurisdiction,namely,the relevance of international agreements to the purposes of the Convention,the scope of“whatever body”,the scope of“legal questions”and the discretion critera to refuse to give an advisory opinion.In order to curb the spillover effects of the climate change advisory case,the substantive elements of Article 138 of the Rules of the Tribunal should be interpreted in consistent with the dual interpretative constraints deriving from external empowerment and internal functions.

关 键 词：国际海洋法法庭 气候变化 《法庭规则》第138条 咨询管辖 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]