北洋时期律师惩戒之诉的制度移植与本土发展  

The Legal Transplantation and Local Development of the Lawsuit for Lawyer Discipline in the Beiyang Period of China

作　　者：奚海林 Xi Hailin

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2024年第6期149-172,共24页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：律师惩戒规则是律师制度的重要组成部分。近代我国律师惩戒规则,表现为一种特殊的律师惩戒之诉,它经历了移植日本法和本土发展两个阶段。对日本惩戒制度的移植,始于清末《法院编制法》,而成于北洋初期的《律师暂行章程》。近代日本“律师为司法机关之一要素”学说的传入,为日本律师惩戒之诉的成功移植提供了必要的观念基础。然而,立法原因导致的制度不备,使北洋初期所确立的律师惩戒之诉很快陷入了“设而不行”的制度困境,与此同时,律师流弊所带来的社会挑战也日益严峻。在此背景下,以梁启超为代表的司法当局从律师义务规则、惩戒权分配规则以及惩戒裁判规则三个方面对律师惩戒之诉系统性地进行完善,推动了其本土发展。由于该过程整体上是在司法行政的框架下进行,法源上的瑕疵最终消解了律师惩戒之诉的“诉讼”属性,而司法当局与被惩戒律师关系的重塑以及司法行政机关对惩戒权的介入,则进一步揭露了律师惩戒之诉的行政处分本质。The rules on lawyer discipline are an important part of the lawyer system.In modern China,the rules on lawyer discipline manifested as a special kind of lawsuit for disciplinary actions against lawyers,which experienced two stages:transplanting from Japanese laws and local development.The transplantation of Japanese disciplinary system began with the Court Establishment Act in the late Qing Dynasty and was completed with the Interim Rules for Lawyers in the early period of the Beiyang Government.The introduction of the theory that“lawyers are one of the essential elements of the judicial organs”in modern Japan provided a necessary conceptual basis for the successful transplantation of disciplinary actions against lawyers in Japan.However,for legislative reasons,lawsuit for lawyer discipline established in the early Beiyang period quickly fell into a“set-up but not implemented”institutional dilemma.At the same time,the increasingly serious social challenges brought by the abuse of lawyers’powers also became evident.Against this background,the judicial authorities led by Liang Qichao systematically improved the rules on lawyer discipline from three aspects:lawyer obligation rules,distribution of disciplinary powers,and disciplinary judgment rules,thus realizing its local development.Since the process was generally carried out within the framework of judicial administration,the defects in legal sources eventually eliminated the“litigation”attribute of lawsuits for lawyer discipline.Moreover,the reshaping of the relationship between the judicial authorities and punished lawyers and the involvement of judicial administrative agencies in disciplinary powers further exposed the administrative punishment nature of lawyer discipline lawsuits.

关 键 词：律师惩戒之诉 制度移植 “梁氏方案” 本土发展 行政处分 

分 类 号：K258.2[历史地理—历史学] D929[历史地理—中国史]